Algebraic multiplicity of the eigenvalues of a tournament matrix (Q1187394)

Let \(T_ n\) denote the set of irreducible \(n\times n\) tournament matrices. Here are our main results: (1) For all \(n\geq 3\), every matrix in \(T_ n\) has at least three distinct eigenvalues; such a matrix has exactly three distinct eigenvalues if and only if it is a Hadamard tournament matrix. (2) For all \(n\geq 3\) there is a matrix in \(T_ n\) having \(n\) distinct eigenvalues. (3) If \(\alpha_ n\) denotes the maximum algebraic multiplicity of 0 as an eigenvalue of the matrices in \(T_ n\), then \(\lfloor n/2\rfloor-2\leq\alpha_ n\leq n-6\) for all \(n\geq 8\). Each algebraic multiplicity \(m\) with \(1\leq m\leq\lfloor n/2\rfloor-2\) is achieved for the eigenvalue 0 by some matrix in \(T_ n\) for every \(n\geq 6\). (4) If \(\pi_ n\) is the minimum Perron value (i.e. spectral radius) of all matrices in \(T_ n\), then \(2<\pi_ n<2.5\) for all \(n\geq 8\).