The geometry of the Jacobian of the Fermat curve of exponent five (Q1187819)

Let \(F_ 5\) be the Fermat curve of exponent five: \(X^ 5+Y^ 5+Z^ 5=0\), and let \(J_ 5\) be its Jacobian. Fix a primitive fifth root of unity \(\zeta\). The group of automorphisms of \(F_ 5\) is generated by the elements \(\sigma:(X,Y,Z) \mapsto (\zeta X,Y,Z)\), \(\tau:(X,Y,Z) \mapsto (X,\zeta Y,Z)\), \(\iota:(X,Y,Z) \mapsto (Y,X,Z)\) and \(\rho: (X,Y,Z) \mapsto (Z,X,Y)\). With positive integers \(a,b,c\) such that \(a+b+c=5\), denote the quotient curve \(F_ 5/ \langle \sigma^ b \tau^{-a} \rangle\) by \(F_{a,b,c}\), and its Jacobian by \(J_{a,b,c}\). One has the canonical projection \(\varphi_{a,b,c}:F_ 5 \to F_{a,b,c}\), and an isogeny \[ \varphi=(1 \times \rho \times \rho^ 2) \circ ((\varphi_{1,3,1})_ * \times (\varphi_{3,1, 1})_ * \times (\varphi_{2,2,1})_ *):J_ 5 \to J^ 3_{1,3,1}. \] \(\text{End} (J_{1,3,1})\) may be identified with \(\mathbb{Z}[\zeta]\), thus \(\varphi\) induces a canonical isomorphism \[ F_ \varphi: \text{End} (J_ 5) \otimes \mathbb{Q} \to M_ 3 (\mathbb{Q} [\zeta]), \] the ring of \((3 \times 3)\)- matrices with entries in \(\mathbb{Q} [\zeta]\). -- By very explicit computations the following theorem is proved: \(F_ \varphi\) maps \(\text{End} (J_ 5)\) onto the subring of \(M_ 3 (\mathbb{Q} [\zeta])\) characterized by the following properties: Let \(\pi=\zeta-1\) and let \(v\) be the row vector (1,1,1). Let \(M \in M_ 3 (\mathbb{Q} [\zeta])\). Then \(M \in \text{End} (J_ 5)\) if and only if there is an integer a such that \(vM \equiv av \equiv vM^ t \pmod \pi\) and \(vMv^ t \equiv (3a) \pmod {\pi^ 2}\). The theorem can be applied to obtain the following result on the decomposition of \(J_ 5\): There exist abelian varieties \(A\) and \(B\) defined over \(\mathbb{Q}\) such that (i) \(J_ 5 \simeq A^ 2 \times B\) over \(\mathbb{Q}\), (ii) \(A \simeq J_{1,3,1}\) over \(\mathbb{Q} [\zeta]\), (iii) \(B \simeq J_{1,3,1}/ \langle(1+3 \pi)Q \rangle\) over \(\mathbb{Q} [\zeta]\), where \(Q\) is a nontrivial \(\pi^ 2\)-division point on \(J_{1,3,1}\) with complex conjugate equal to \(-Q\).