Frequency- and density-dependent selection: The two-phenotype model (Q1262832)

It is the purpose of the paper to generalize the concept of evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) to models with density dependent selection parameters and to verify stability in both haploid and diploid species. After defining frequency and density dependent fitness functions the haploid model is developed where offspring use the identical strategy as the parent. A definition of a density dependent evolutionarily stable strategy (DDESS) is given and the stability of the haploid dynamics at a DDESS is studied. Besides the haploid inheritance mechanism also the more realistic density dependent viability selection at a two-allele-locus of a diploid population is considered. Finally, the correspondence between the classical two-species population dynamics model and certain two-phenotype models is discussed.