Ginzburg-Landau equation with magnetic effect: non-simply-connected domains (Q1266249)

The authors consider the Ginzburg-Landau energy functional \[ {\mathcal H}_\lambda (\Phi,A) =\int_\Omega \left({1\over 2} \bigl| (\nabla-iA)\Phi \bigr |^2+ {\lambda \over 4} \bigl(1-| \Phi|^2 \bigr)^2\right) dx+\int_{\mathbb{R}^3}{1\over 2} | \text{rot} A |^2dx \] which appears as a model of low-temperature superconductivity phenomena. Here \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^3\) is a bounded domain, \(\Phi\) is a \(\mathbb{C}\)-valued function in \(\Omega\) and \(A\) is a \(\mathbb{R}^3\)-valued function in \(\mathbb{R}^3\). They consider a minimizer \((\Phi,A)\), which physically corresponds to the permanent current of electrons in the material without any outer magnetic field. They prove that if \(\Omega\) is not simply-connected, there exist many local minimizers provided that \(\lambda\) is large.