An extension of the characterization of oscillations to arbitrary functional differential equations via the Laplace transform (Q1269549)

From MaRDI portal
scientific article
Language Label Description Also known as
English
An extension of the characterization of oscillations to arbitrary functional differential equations via the Laplace transform
scientific article

    Statements

    An extension of the characterization of oscillations to arbitrary functional differential equations via the Laplace transform (English)
    0 references
    29 November 1998
    0 references
    This paper deals with the existence of nonoscillatory solutions to the functional-differential equations \[ \begin{aligned} \left(x(t)+\int_0^rx(t-s) d\alpha_n(s)\right)^{(n)}&+\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\left( \int_0^rx\left(t-s\right) d\alpha_i(s)\right)^{(i)}+\\ &+\sum_{j=n+1}^m\left(\int_{\rho }^rx(t-s) d\beta_j(s)\right)^{(j)}=0, \end{aligned} \tag{1} \] with \(r\geq\rho>0\), \(\alpha_i\), \(0\leq i\leq n\), are real functions of bounded variation on \([0,r]\) with \(\alpha_n\) is continuous at zero and \(\beta_j\), \(n+1\leq j\leq m\), are real functions of bounded variation on \([\rho,r]\). The authors present a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a so-called nonoscillatory solution defined in distibution terms using Laplace transform. They work with the adjoint operator \({\mathcal P}\) of the linear differential operator defined by the first side of (1) in \(C^\infty(\mathbb{R})\) in the classical duality with the space of the real distributions of compact support. As it is well known, the adjoint operator is defined by \[ \begin{aligned} ({\mathcal P}\psi) (t)&= (-1)^n\psi^{(n)} (t)+ \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} (-1)^i \left(\int_0^r\psi^{(i)} (t+s) d\alpha_i(s)\right)+\\ &+\sum_{j=n+1}^m (-1)^j \left(\int_{\rho}^r \psi^{(j)} (t+s) d\beta_j(s)\right)= 0, \end{aligned}\tag{2} \] \(\psi\in C^\infty (\mathbb{R})\). Surely, a real distribution \(x_\ast\in\mathcal{D}' (\mathbb{R})\) is a solution to (1) if \[ \langle x_\ast,{\mathcal P}\psi\rangle =0, \quad \psi\in C_c^\infty (t_x,\infty), \] where \(t_x\) depends on \(x\). The authors call \(x_\ast\) a \(C^\infty\)-solution, if there exists some \(T>t_x\) such that \(x\in C^\infty(T,\infty)\). The second pass is to define the oscillation, i.e., an adequate definition for oscillatory and nonoscillatory solutions (in terms of distributions). In order ``to introduce'' the sign, the authors work with the convolution. If \(\phi\in C_c^\infty(\mathbb{R})\), the convolution \[ \langle x (s),\phi (t-s)\rangle\equiv x_\phi(t) \] is a real \(C^\infty\) function. It is evident that if \(x\) is a solution to (1), then \(x_\phi\) is a \(C^\infty\)-solution to \((1)\). Now, a solution \(x\) to \((1)\) is called nonoscillatory, if there exist a function \(\phi\in C_c^\infty (\mathbb{R})\) and a point \(T\) such that \(x_\phi(t)\) is either nonnegative or nonpositive for \(t\geq T\) and \(x_\phi\equiv 0\) on any right halfline. Hence, if a nonoscillatory solution \(x\) to (1) and \(\phi\) as above, then \(x_\phi\) is a \(C^\infty\)-nonoscillatory solution. As the characteristic equation of (1) is \[ \chi(z)\equiv z^n+ \sum_{i=0}^n z^i \int_0^r e^{-zs} d\alpha_i(s)+ \sum_{j=n+1}^m z^j \int_{\rho}^r e^{-zs} d\beta_j (s)=0, \] the authors present as the main result: The functional equation (1) has a nonoscillatory solution if and only if its characteristic equation has a real root. As particular case, the authors consider the differential-difference equation \[ \sum_i \Bigl(\sum_ja_{ij} x(t-\tau_{ij}) \Bigr)^{(i)}=0, \qquad \sum_{i,j}|a_{ij}|>0,\tag{3} \] where all \(a_{ij}\) and \(\tau_{ij}\) are real numbers. As its characteristic equation is \[ \sum_iz^i \sum_ja_{ij} e^{-\tau_{ij}z}=0, \tag{4} \] (3) has a nonoscillatory solution if and only if the equation (4) has a real root.
    0 references
    existence
    0 references
    nonoscillatory solutions
    0 references
    functional-differential equations
    0 references
    oscillation
    0 references

    Identifiers

    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references