On the identities of analytic semigroups of operators with kernels (Q1271998)

Given Banach spaces \(U\) and \(F\), the following operator differential equation is under consideration: \[ L\dot{u}=Mu, \tag{1} \] where \(L \in \mathcal{L}(U,F)\) and \(M\:\text{dom }M\to F\) is a closed operator whose domain \(\text{dom }M\) is contained in \(U\). The operator \(L\) is not assumed to be invertible. In this case, the authors obtain an analog of the celebrated Hille--Yosida theorem. The corresponding semigroups have nontrivial kernels. The main assumptions on the operators \(L\) and \(M\) are stated in terms of the behavior of the operators \(R_{\mu}^{L}(M)=(\mu L-M)^{-1}L\) and \(L_{\mu}^{L}(M)=L(\mu L-M)^{-1}\) with respect to the complex parameter \(\mu\). If \(R_{\mu}^{L}(M),L_{\mu}^{L}(M) \in \mathcal{L}(F,U)\) then equation (1) is equivalent to either of the equations \[ R_{\mu}^{L}(M)\dot{u} = (\mu L-M)^{-1}Mu,\tag{2} \] \[ L_{\mu}^{L}(M)\dot{f}=M(\mu L-M)^{-1}f. \tag{3} \] For these two equations, the phase spaces are described. A set \(P\subset U\) is called the phase space for equation (2) ((3)) if, for every solution \(u\in C^{\infty}(\mathbb R_+;U)\), \(u(t)\in P\) for all \(t\in (0,\infty)\) and, for every \(u_0\in P\), there exists a unique solution to the Cauchy problem \(u(0)=u_0\) for equation (2) ((3)).