The general radical theory of near-rings -- answers to some open problems (Q1272200)

It is well-known that the general theory of radicals (in the sense of Kurosh-Amitsur) can reasonably be extended to the variety of zero-symmetric near-rings. This paper shows that this is not the case for the variety of all near-rings. Namely, the author shows that the class of all near-rings is the only non-zero radical class \(R\) with the ADS-property, i.e. \(R(I)\) is an ideal of \(N\) whenever \(I\) is an ideal of \(N\) (Theorem 5). Consequently, the class of all near-rings is also the only non-zero ideal-hereditary radical class, i.e. \(R(I)=R(N)\cap I\) whenever \(I\) is an ideal of \(N\) (Corollary 6). It is also shown that in the variety of all near-rings there is no non-zero class \(M\) satisfying the condition (F), i.e. if \(J\) is an ideal of \(I\), \(I\) is an ideal of \(N\) and \(I/J\) belongs to \(M\), then \(J\) is an ideal of \(N\) (Theorem 4). Further, it is shown that if the semisimple class corresponding to a radical class in the variety of all near-rings is hereditary then all near-rings in this semisimple class are zero-symmetric (Theorem 7). The proofs are based on the wreath product of near-rings.