Uniform estimates and the whole asymptotic series of the heat content on manifolds (Q1275284)

Let \(\Omega\) be an open set in a complete Riemannian manifold \((M,g)\) of dimension \(m\). Assume \(\overline\Omega\) compact and \(\partial\Omega\) piecewise-smooth. Fix \(\Phi\in C^\infty(\overline\Omega)\) and let \(\Phi_t= \Phi(t,\cdot)\) (resp. \(u_t= u(t,\cdot)\)) be the solution of the heat equation on \(\Omega\) which satisfies the Dirichlet condition on the boundary and which has initial data \(\Phi_0= \Phi\) (resp. \(u_0=1_\Omega\)). Denote by \(H(t)\) the total heat content of \(\Omega\) at time \(t\) \[ H(t)= \int_\Omega \Phi_t(x) dx, \] where \(dx\) is the Riemannian measure. In this paper the author examines the following problems: (1) Give bounds of \(H(t)\) (unit initial data) in terms of the geometry of \(\Omega\), which are valid for all \(t\); (2) Compute all terms of asymptotic series of \(H(t)\) (arbitrary initial data), as \(t\to 0\), if the boundary of \(\Omega\) is \(C^\infty\)-smooth. Let \(F_\Omega(t)= \text{vol}(\Omega)- \int_\Omega u_t(x) dx\), which is the total content of \(\Omega\) at time \(t\), now assuming zero initial temperatures, and assuming that the boundary is kept at constant unit temperature at all times. Assume now that the boundary of the domain is \(C^\infty\)-smooth. Then, for \(t\sim 0\), there exists an asymptotic series \[ \int_\Omega \Phi_t(x) dx\sim \int_\Omega \Phi-\sum^\infty_{k= 1}\beta_k(\Phi)\cdot t^{{1\over 2}}.\tag{1} \] Let \(\varrho\) be the distance function from the boundary of the domain. Then the author proves the following theorems. Theorem 1. Let \(\Omega\) be a domain with piecewise-smooth boundary satisfying \(\Delta p\geq 0\). Then, for all \(t> 0\): \[ {4\over \sqrt{\pi t}} \int^\infty_0 e^{-{r^2\over t}}\text{ vol}(\Omega(r)) dr- \text{vol}(\Omega)\leq H(t)\leq {1\over \sqrt{\pi t}} \int^\infty_0 e^{-{r^2\over 4t}}\text{ vol}(\Omega(r)) dr. \] The bounds continue to hold if \(\Omega\) is any bounded, convex subset of \(\mathbb{R}^m\). Theorem 2. At all times, \(F_\Omega(t)\) is less than or equal to the corresponding quantity \(F_{\overline\Omega}(t)\), where \(\overline\Omega\) is a flat cylinder with the same (or bigger) inner radius, and with boundary having the same (or bigger) volume. Theorem 3. Let \(\beta_k(\Phi)\) be the coefficient of \(t^{{k\over 2}}\) in the asymptotic series of the heat content (see (1)), and let \(D_k\) be the homogeneous polynomial of degree \(k-1\) in the operators \(N\) and \(\Delta\) defined inductively by the formulas \[ \begin{aligned} D_1 & = {2\over \sqrt\pi} \text{Id},\\ D_{2n} & = {1\over \sqrt\pi} \sum^n_{i= 1} {\Gamma(i+{1\over 2})\Gamma(n- i+{1\over 2})\over n!} D_{2i-1} \alpha_{n-1},\\ D_{2n+ 1} & = {1\over \sqrt\pi} \sum^n_{i= 1} {i!\Gamma(n- i+{1\over 2})\over \Gamma(n+ {3\over 2})} D_{2i} \alpha_{n-i},\end{aligned} \] where the \(\alpha_i\) are recursively defined. Then, for all \(k\geq 1\), we have: \(\beta_k(\Phi)= \int_{\partial\Omega} D_k\Phi\).