An alternative system of structural invariants of quadruples of matrices (Q1300848)

This article presents an exquisite derivation of a new complete system of invariants for linear time-invariant control systems of the form \[ \begin{aligned} \dot x & = Ax+ Bu,\\ y & = Cx+ Du,\end{aligned} \] with complex matrices \(A\), \(B\), \(C\), \(D\), subject to an action of the Lie group of state and output coordinate changes as well as of a linear state feedback and an output injection. The list of new invariants consists of \[ \begin{pmatrix} A-\lambda I & B\\ C & D\end{pmatrix} \] eigenvalues of the matrix pencil and of four collections of so-called \(\rho\)-numbers (Jacobian, controllable, observable, controllable and observable) associated with the quadruple of system matrices \((A,B,C,D)\), that can be computed as ranks of appropriately defined block matrices composed of the system matrices. The main result of the paper states that new invariants form a complete system of invariants for this Lie group action. A brief comparison with known invariants has been made, including those obtained with linear control theory by A. S. Morse.