Internal direct products of groupoids (Q1305016)

A groupoid \((G,\beta)\) is the internal direct product of its non-empty subgroupoids \(G_1\) and \(G_2\) if and only if the mapping \(\theta\colon(x_1,x_2)\to x_1x_2\beta\) (Polish notation!) is an isomorphism from \(G_1\times G_2\) onto \(G\). Projections \(\alpha_1\) and \(\alpha_2\) from \(G\) onto \(G_1\) and \(G_2\), respectively, are defined by \(x\theta^{-1}=(x\alpha_1,x\alpha_2)\). Conditions for a groupoid under which the groupoid can be presented as the internal direct product of two subgroupoids are given. A (finite) example shows that there exist external direct products which cannot be made internal. The following properties are discussed: (a) \(G\) has a neutral (identity) element; (b) Every element of \(G_1\) commutes with every element of \(G_2\); (c) \(|G_2\alpha_1|=|G_1\alpha_2|=1\); (d) \(G_2\alpha_1=G_1\alpha_2=\) a singleton invariant under \(\alpha_1\) and \(\alpha_2\); (e) \(|G_1\cap G_2|=1\); (f) \(\alpha_1|_{G_1}\) and \(\alpha_2|_{G_2}\) are identity mappings (equivalently, \(\alpha_1^2=\alpha_1\) and \(\alpha_2^2=\alpha_2\)). The author proves a number of results about internal direct products. For example, \(\alpha_1^2=\alpha_1\) and \(\alpha_2^2=\alpha_2\) if and only if \(\forall x_1\in G_1\), \(\forall y\in G\), \(\forall z_2\in G_2\), \(x_1y\beta z_2\beta=x_1yz_2\beta\beta\). There are also examples discussing independence of the above mentioned properties (a)-(f).