Five-dimensional Bieberbach groups with holonomy group \(\mathbb{Z}_2\oplus\mathbb{Z}_2\) (Q1306492)

An \(n\)-dimensional crystallographic group is a discrete and cocompact subgroup \(E\) of \(I(\mathbb{R}^n)\), the isometry group of \(\mathbb{R}^n\). If \(E\) is torsion-free, then \(E\) is a Bieberbach group and the corresponding compact orbit space \(E\setminus\mathbb{R}^n\) is an \(n\)-dimensional flat Riemannian manifold. Due to the three famous Bieberbach theorems, crystallographic groups are well known [\textit{L. S. Charlap}, Bieberbach groups and flat manifolds, Springer (1986; Zbl 0608.53001)]. In particular, the third Bieberbach theorem states that, up to affine conjugation, there are only finitely many crystallographic groups in each dimension. By the work of \textit{H. Brown, R. Bülow, J. Neubüser, H. Wondratscheck} and \textit{H. Zassenhaus} [Crystallographic groups in four-dimensional space, Wiley (1978; Zbl 0381.20002)], crystallographic groups are completely classified in dimensions \(\leq 4\). \textit{L. S. Charlap} [ Ann. Math., II. Ser. 81, 15-30 (1965; Zbl 0132.16506)], proposed a classification scheme for Bieberbach groups with fixed holonomy group \(\Phi\) and applied this in case \(\Phi\) is a cyclic group of prime order. Following the same approach, in this paper the authors determine all 5-dimensional flat Riemannian manifolds with holonomy group \(\mathbb{Z}_2\oplus\mathbb{Z}_2\) (by classifying all 5-dimensional Bieberbach groups up to isomorphism). It turns out that there are exactly 126 such manifolds. Also the Betti numbers of these manifolds are computed and it is obtained that there are 3 primitive (i.e. with first Betti number zero) manifolds among them.