On certain elliptic surfaces and elliptic curves of Mordell of rank \(\geq 1\) associated with discriminants of cubic or quartic polynomials (Q1306704)

Let \(n=1,3,4\), \(A_1,\dots, A_n\) be indeterminates and \(P(X)= X^n+ A_1 X^{n-1} +\cdots+ A_n\) be a polynomial of discriminant \(t\neq 0\). We denote by \(E_t\) the elliptic curve defined by the equation \(Y^2= X^3+ 16t\). In this paper the author constructs explicitly a point \(P_0\) on \(E_t\) defined over \(K= \mathbb{Q} (A_1,\dots, A_n)\). If \(n=1\), then \(P_0\) is a torsion point and if \(n=3,4\), \(K\) is the field of definition of \(E_t\) and \(\text{tr.deg.} (K/\mathbb{Q})= n\), then \(P_0\) is a point of infinite order and the torsion group of \(E_t\) over \(K(\sqrt{t})\) is isomorphic to \(\mathbb{Z}/ 3\mathbb{Z}\). Furthermore, the points \(P_0\) associated to the cubic or quartic polynomials of discriminant \(t\) defined in non-isomorphic fields are not systematically independent in the group \(E_t(K)\). Next, the author considers the case \(n=4\) and proves that \(E_t\) is isomorphic to the elliptic curve \(F(u,v)=1\), where \[ F(u,v)= u^3- A_2u^2v+ (A_1A_3- 4A_4) uv^2+ (4A_2 A_4- A_3^2- A_1^2 A_4) v^3. \] Let \(S\) be the surface obtained by \textit{I. Gaál}, \textit{A. Pethő} and \textit{M. Pohst} [J. Symb. Comput. 16, 563-584 (1993; Zbl 0808.11023)] as an index form equation. It is defined by \[ F(Q_1(x,y,z),\quad Q_2(x,y,z))= 1, \] where \[ \begin{aligned} Q_1(x,y,z) &= x^2- A_1xy+ A_2y^2+ (A_1^2- 2A_2)xz+ (A_3- A_1A_2)yz+ (A_4+ A_2^2- A_1A_3)z^2,\\ Q_2(x,y,z) &= y^2- xz- A_1 yz+ A_2z^2. \end{aligned} \] In this paper the author proves that \(S\) is an elliptic surface of Kodaira dimension \(\kappa(S)= 1\) and the dimension of the Albanese variety of \(S\) is \(q(S)= 1\). The paper contains also an appendix devoted to the study of the elliptic curves \(E_t\), where \(t\) is the discriminant of a monic cubic (or quartic) polynomial with \(|t|< 50000\). The authors prove that \(49.475\%\) of these \(t\) have the property that the index of the subgroup generated by the representatives of the classes modulo \(\mathbb{Z}\)-equivalence of monic cubic (or quartic) polynomials of discriminant \(t\) in \(E_t(\mathbb{Q})/ E_t(\mathbb{Q})_{\text{tors}}\) is finite.