On a new mean and functions of bounded deviation (Q1306819)

Let \(L_{2\pi}\) be the space of all \(2\pi\)-periodic and Lebesgue integrable functions over \([0,2\pi]\). Then for \(f\in L_{2\pi}\) and real \(x\), write \[ \begin{aligned} \varphi(t) &= \tfrac 12 \{f(x+t)+ f(x-t)\}= \varphi_0(t),\\ \varphi_\alpha(t) &= \alpha t^{-\alpha} \int_0^t (t-u)^{\alpha-1} \varphi(u) du \quad(\alpha>0),\\ P(t) &= \varphi(t)- \varphi_1(t). \end{aligned} \] Chandra's mean \(P(t)\), as pronounced by the authors, was first studied by the present reviewer [Period. Math. Hung. 5, 121-130 (1974; Zbl 0286.42010)]. In the present paper, generalizing this mean in the form: \[ \begin{aligned} p(k,t) &= \sum_{m=0}^k (-1)^m \binom km \varphi_m(t) \quad (k=1,2,\dots),\\ p(0,t) &= \varphi(t), \end{aligned} \] the authors have proved the following: Theorem 1. For each positive integer \(k\) \[ \begin{aligned} \varphi(t)\in \text{BV}(0,\pi) &\Leftrightarrow p(k,t)\in \text{BV} (0,\pi) \quad\text{and}\quad \frac{p(k,t)}{t}\in L(0,\pi), \tag{a}\\ p(k,t)\in \text{BV}(0,\pi) &\Rightarrow p(k+1,t)\in \text{BV} (0,\pi), \tag{b}\\ t^{-1} p(k,t)\in L(0,\pi)&\Rightarrow t^{-1} p(k+1,t)\in L(0,\pi). \tag{c}\end{aligned} \] The case \(k=1\) of part (a) was earlier known to the present reviewer [Jñānābha, Sect. A 8, 17-24 (1978; Zbl 0478.26003)]. In Theorem 2, the authors have demonstrated, by using Chandra's mean, that the class of functions of bounded deviation (BD) strictly includes the class of functions of bounded variation (BV).