The full diagonal model of a Bose gas (Q1308725)

The Hamiltonian of bosons interacting in the volume V in \(\mathbb{R}^ d\) through a pair potential can be written as \[ H = T + {1\over 2V} \sum_{q,k,k'}v(q) a^*_{k + q} a^*_{k'-q} a_ ka_{k'}, \] where \(T\) is a kinetic energy. The authors investigate the full diagonal approximation of this model (by omitting the terms \(q \neq 0\) and \(q \neq k - k'\)): \[ H^{FD} = T + {1\over 2V} \sum_{k,k'} v(k - k') n_ k n_{k'} + {a\over 2V} \biggl\{N^ 2 - \sum_{k} n^ 2_ k\biggr\},\tag{*} \] where \(n_ k\) are occupation numbers, \(N = \sum_ k n_ k\) and \(a = v(0) > 0\). In this model they find in the thermodynamic limit the variational formula for the pressure \[ p^{FD}(\mu) = -\inf {\mathcal E}^ \mu[m],\quad \mu\text{ the chemical potential,} \] where \(m\) is a bounded positive measure on \(\mathbb{R}^ d\). They show that there are two regions: one in which the kinetic term \(T\) dominates and one in which the last term in \((*)\) dominates. This, so- called Huang-Yang-Luttinger term is responsible for the Bose-Einstein condensation. For a large class of potentials there is a critical temperature below which there is a condensation.