Varieties and radicals of near-rings (Q1311038)

Let \({\mathcal A}\), \({\mathcal N}\), \({\mathcal N}_ 0\), and \({\mathcal N}_ c\) be the varieties of associative rings, near-rings, 0-symmetric near-rings and constant near-rings, respectively, and \({\mathcal Z}= \{N\in {\mathcal N}\mid N^ 2=0\}\). If a subvariety \({\mathcal V}\) \((\neq{\mathcal N})\) has attainable identities in \({\mathcal N}\), then \({\mathcal V}\cap {\mathcal Z}= \{0\}\) and \({\mathcal V}\) is strictly contained in \({\mathcal N}_ 0\). Thus \({\mathcal N}_ c\) does not have attainable identities in \({\mathcal N}\), though \({\mathcal N}_ c\) is closed under extensions. If a subvariety \({\mathcal V}\) in \({\mathcal A}\) has attainable identities in \({\mathcal A}\), then \({\mathcal V}\) has attainable identities also in \({\mathcal N}\). In contrast to the case of associative rings, for a variety with attainable identities in \({\mathcal N}\) its upper radical need not be hereditary. If, however, \({\mathcal V}\) has attainable identities in \({\mathcal A}\), then its upper radical is overnilpotent. If a radical class \({\mathcal R}\) \((\neq{\mathcal N})\) is closed under essential extensions, then \({\mathcal Z}\subseteq {\mathcal R}\). \({\mathcal N}_ 0\) is a variety and a radical class in \({\mathcal N}\) which is not closed under essential extensions.