Hopf bifurcation from non-periodic solutions of differential equations. II (Q1319940)
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Hopf bifurcation from non-periodic solutions of differential equations. II (English)
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13 October 1994
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[For part I see the first author, J. Dyn. Differ. Equations 1, No. 2, 179-198 (1989; Zbl 0684.34038).] Consider a one-parameter \((p)\) family of \(n\)-dimensional autonomous ordinary equations (E), defining a three time differentiable vector field. Authors suppose that (E) admits a one-parameter family of compact invariant sets \(Y(p)\), such that \(Y(p)\) is an asymptotically stable attractor for \(p< 0\), but ceases to be an attractor for \(p>0\). Smoothness of the invariant sets is not assumed in this paper. The problem studied here is that of the determination of the bifurcation mechanisms when crossing through \(p=0\), assuming that \(Y(p)\) is homeomorphic to some fixed space (i.e. it persists except the stability change), and that the ``stability is lost in two directions'', which implies an appropriate ``center manifold'' \(M(p)\) homeomorphic to \(Y(p)\times\mathbb{R}^ 2\). Restricting to \(M(p)\), which is the non-perturbed motion in the Lyapunov' sense, a two-dimensional differential equation (that of the perturbed motion in the two considered directions), and its linear approximation (variational equation), are obtained. Bifurcation results are derived from these equations. It is assumed that \(Y(p)\) is a two-torus and that the linearization is generic. By imposing a condition on Lyapunov exponents, which implies that the loss of stability is not instantaneous, and conditions on the nonlinear terms, a bifurcation scenario presenting ``intermittency'' features is obtained. This scenario consists in the existence of an open dense set of small positive parameter values, for which (E) admits a stable attracting two-torus, or a stable cantorus. Moreover, the tori vary discontinuously in a sense defined by the paper. A second condition on Lyapunov exponents, also implying non-instantaneous loss of stability, is considered. In the absence of a general theory, the paper presents an example showing that this condition is consistent with transversal homoclinic behaviors. This paper is an interesting contribution to the bifurcation theory of \(n\)-dimensional vector fields, \(n\geq 3\). However, it is a pity that the references do not mention the important results obtained in this theory by the Andronov school teams of the former Soviet Union, more particularly that of Gor'kij (now Nizhnij Novgorod). Moreover, the title (``Hopf bifurcation'', also known by anteriority as ``Poincaré-Andronov bifurcation'' for periodic solutions) is badly chosen for non periodic solutions.
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center manifold
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bifurcation
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invariant sets
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Lyapunov exponents
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loss of stability
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