Some results on commutativity and anti-commutativity in rings (Q1320457)

Let \(R\) be an arbitrary ring and let \(x \circ y = xy + yx\) be the anti- commutator of \(x\) and \(y\), for \(x\), \(y\) in \(R\). Define the anti-center of \(R\) by \(\widehat{Z}(R) = \{x \in R\mid x \circ y = 0 \text{ for all } y \in R\}\). This paper contains some results on rings satisfying constraints defined in terms of \(\widehat{Z}(R)\). The main results are: Theorem 1. Let \(R\) be a ring such that for each \(x\), \(y\) in \(R\) there exists \(w = x(x,y) \in \widehat{Z}(R)\) such that \((x\circ y)^ 2 w = x \circ y\). Then \(R\) is anti-commutative. Theorem 2. Let \(R\) be a ring such that for each \(x \in R\) there exists \(p(t) \in \mathbb{Z}[t]\) satisfying \(x - x^ 2p(x) \in \widehat{Z}(R)\). Then \(R\) is a subdirect product of commutative and anti-commutative rings. Theorem 3. Let \(R\) be a periodic ring with \(N(R) \subset Z(R) \cup \widehat{Z}(R)\), where \(N(R)\) is the set of nilpotent elements of \(R\). Then \(R\) is a subdirect product of commutative rings and anti-commutative rings. Theorem 4. Let \(R\) be a periodic ring. Suppose that for each \(x \in R\) and \(u \in N(R)\) there either exists \(n > 1\) such that \([x,u]^ n = [x,u]\) or there exists \(m > 1\) such that \((x \circ u)^ m = x\circ u\). Then \(R\) is a subdirect product of commutative rings and anti-commutative rings. These results generalize some well-known commutativity theorems.