Quadratic systems with center and their perturbations (Q1327074)

By writing the general quadratic system on a plane having a singular point of center or focus type in the complex form (1) \(\dot z= (i+\lambda) z+ Ax^ 2+ Bz\bar z+ C\bar z^ 2\), \(\lambda\in\mathbb{R}\), \(A,B,C\in\mathbb{C}\), \(z= x+iy\), first, the author gives a simple algebraic proof of the classical Dulac and Kapteyn theorem: Theorem 1. \(z=0\) is a center of (1) iff one of the following conditions holds (2) \(Q^{LV}_ 3: \lambda= B=0\); \(Q^ H_ 3: \lambda= 2A+\overline B= 0\); \(Q^ R_ 3: \lambda= \text{Im}(AB)=\text{Im}(\overline B^ 3 C)= \text{Im}(A^ 3 C)=0\); \(Q_ 4: \lambda= A- 2\overline B= | C|- | B|= 0\). In case \(B\neq 0\), \(B\) can be made equal 1, so the latter 3 are simplified into: \(Q^ H_ 3: \lambda= A+{1\over 2}= 0\); \(Q^ R_ 3: \lambda= A- \overline A= C-\overline C=0\); \(Q_ 4: \lambda= A-2= | C|-1=0\); respectively. Then he gives the picture of the components \(Q^{LV}_ 3,\dots,Q_ 4\) of the center manifold in the 3-dimensional space \(\{(\text{Re}(A),\text{Im}(A),\text{Re}(\widetilde B))\}\) as well as bifurcations of phase portraits in each case. (Here \(\widetilde B= B| A|/\overline A\)). Notice that in comparing with the Bautin normal form (3) \(\dot x=\lambda\), \(x-y- \lambda_ 3 x^ 2+ (2\lambda_ 2+ \lambda_ 5) xy+ \lambda_ 6 y^ 2\), \(\dot y= x+\lambda\), \(y+ \lambda_ 2 x^ 2+ (2\lambda_ 3+ \lambda_ 4) xy- \lambda_ 2 y^ 2\). We have \(\lambda= \lambda_ 1\), \(A={1\over 4}(\lambda_ 3- \lambda_ 6+ \lambda_ 4- i\lambda_ 5)\), \(B={1\over 2}(\lambda_ 6- \lambda_ 3)\), \(C={1\over 4}[-3\lambda_ 3- \lambda_ 6- \lambda_ 4+ i(4\lambda_ 2+ \lambda_ 5)]\) so (2) is now \(Q^{LV}_ 3: \lambda_ 1= \lambda_ 3- \lambda_ 6= 0\); \(Q^ H_ 3: \lambda_ 1= \lambda_ 4=\lambda_ 5=0\); \(Q^ R_ 3: \lambda_ 1= \lambda_ 2=\lambda_ 5= 0\); \(Q_ 4: \lambda_ 1= \lambda_ 5=\lambda_ 4+ 5(\lambda_ 3- \lambda_ 6)= \lambda_ 3\lambda_ 6- 2\lambda^ 2_ 6- \lambda^ 2_ 2= 0\). Instead of the 3 focal values \(\overline V_ 3\), \(\overline V_ 5\), \(\overline V_ 7\) of Bautin we have now \(\widehat V_ 3=- 2\pi\text{ Im}(AB)\), \(\widehat V_ 5={-2\pi\over 3}\text{ Im}[(2A+ \overline B)(A-2B)\overline BC]\), \(\widehat V_ 7=- {5\pi\over 4}\text{ Im}[(| B|^ 2- | C|^ 2)(2A+\overline B)\overline B^ 2 C]\). Theorem 2. The cyclicity of the equilibrium point \(z= 0\) is: 0 for \(\lambda\neq 0\); 1 for \(\lambda=0\), \(\text{Im}(\widetilde B)\neq 0\); 2 for \(\lambda=\text{Im}(\widetilde B)= 0\), \(A\neq 2\overline B\); 3 for \(\lambda= A-2\overline B= 0\). Global limit cycles for a small perturbation of the center case are also studied for the Lotka-Volterra system by using Abelian integrals. The number of zeros of the corresponding Abelian integral is shown to be 0, 1 or 2.