The rate of convergence of real invariant subspaces (Q1334918)

Let \(M\) and \(N\) be invariant subspaces of the real square matrices \(A\) and \(B\) respectively. This paper discusses the rate of convergence of \(N\rightarrow M\) as \(B\rightarrow A\). This is expressed by the notion of \(\alpha\)-stability. More precisely, let \(P_ M\) and \(P_ N\) be the projectors on \(M\) and \(N\) respectively, then the \(A\)-invariant space \(M\) is called \(\alpha\)- stable if there exist \(\delta, C>0\) such that any \(B\) with \(| A- B|<\delta\) has an invariant subspace \(N\) such that \(| P_ M-P_ N|\leq C| A-B|^{1/\alpha}\). The invariant subspace \(M\) is called strongly \(\alpha\)-stable if the latter holds for any invariant subspace \(N\) of \(B\). The two main theorems of this paper give a complete description of the \(\alpha\)-stable and strongly \(\alpha\)-stable invariant subspaces for real matrices. These characterizations are somewhat more involved than in the case of complex matrices. The latter has been studied before by the authors in previous papers: \textit{A. Ran} and \textit{L. Roozemond} [Oper. Theory, Adv. Appl. 40, 427-435 (1989; Zbl 0688.15006)], \textit{A. Ran} and \textit{L. Rodman} [Am. Math. Mon. 97, No. 9, 809-823 (1990; Zbl 0736.15014)], and \textit{A. Ran, L. Rodman} and \textit{A. Rubin} [Linear Multilinear Algebra, 36, No. 1, 27-39 (1993; Zbl 0798.15006)].