On the coefficients in the Hardy-Ramanujan-Rademacher formula for \(p(n)\) (Q1345288)

\textit{H. Rademacher} [Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 43, 241-254 (1937; Zbl 0017.05503)] showed that the number of partitions of \(n\) is given by \[ p(n)= (\pi \sqrt {2})^{-1} \sum_{k=1}^ \infty A_ k (n) \sqrt {k} {d\over {dn}} {{\sinh [(\pi \sqrt {2/3} )/k) \lambda_ n]} \over {\lambda_ n}}, \] where \(\lambda_ n = \sqrt {n- 1/24}\), \(A_ k (n)= \sum \omega_{h,k} e^{2\pi inh/k}\), the sum being taken over all \(h\) such that \((h,k)= 1\), \(1\leq h< k\), and \[ \omega_{h,k}= \exp \Biggl( \pi i \sum_{\mu=1}^{k-1} (\mu/k-\lfloor \mu/ k\rfloor-1/2) (h\mu/k- \lfloor h\mu/ k\rfloor-1/2) \Biggr). \] This formula is an improvement of a result by \textit{G. H. Hardy} and \textit{S. Ramanujan} [Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 17, 75-115 (1917; JFM 46.0198.04)]. The second author of the paper under review has previously conjectured, and the first author has previously proved, that for \(k\geq 1\), if \(f_ k(x)= \prod_{n=1}^ k(x-A_ k(n))\) then the coefficients of all powers of \(x\) are always in \(\mathbb{Z} (\sqrt{k})\). They are all in \(\mathbb{Z}\) if and only if \(k\) is even or a square. A shorter and simpler proof of this theorem is now given. The new proof makes use of results of \textit{D. H. Lehmer} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 43, 271-295 (1938; Zbl 0018.10703)] and \textit{A. L. Whiteman} [Pac. J. Math. 6, 159-176 (1956; Zbl 0071.040)], which are used to explicitly compute the power sums \(S_ r(f_ k)= \sum_{n=1}^ k A_ k(n)^ r\), \(r= 1,\ldots, k\), for arbitrary \(k\).