The converse of a theorem of W. Gaschütz on Frattini subgroups (Q1358198)

As a part of a program to construct all finite groups, W. Gaschütz has proved the following necessary condition on Frattini subgroups. Theorem: Let \(G\) be a finite group and \(N\trianglelefteq G\) with \(N\leq\Phi(G)\). Then \(\text{Inn}(N)\leq\Phi(\Aut(N))\). Here the converse of this theorem is proved constructively and is used to derive characterisations of those finite groups which are the Frattini subgroups of arbitrary groups, of finite groups or of finite soluble groups. Examples of Frattini subgroups show that the classes of groups which are the Frattini subgroups of finite nilpotent groups, of finite soluble groups and of arbitrary finite groups are distinct. Furthermore the Frattini subgroups of finite \(p\)-groups are examined in terms of their internal structure as well as in terms of their automorphism groups and finally some related questions about verbal subgroups are discussed.