Exact and discretized stability of the pantograph equation (Q1360551)

The range of phenomena is presented which the pantograph equation, whether exact or discretized, displays inside and on its stability boundary. In the case of the exact equation, the course of solutions and the domains of asymptotic stability are considered for different values of the equation parameters. Almost-periodic solutions for several values of the equation parameters are also shown. The numerical solution for the discretized pantograph equation is proposed making use of an equispaced grid in the nonstationary recurrence relation. Some interesting results showing the course of solution and its behaviour on the stability boundary are given.