Coexistence, permanence, and stability in a three species competition model (Q1367116)

We consider a Volterra-Lotka model of three competing species with diffusion which is given in the form: \[ u_t- D_1\Delta u= D_1u(a_1- u- k_{12}v- k_{13}w), \] \[ v_t- D_2\Delta v= D_2v(a_2- k_{21}u- v- k_{23}w)\quad\text{in }(0,\infty)\times \Omega, \] \[ w_t- D_3\Delta w= D_3w(a_3- k_{31}u- k_{32}v- w),\tag{1} \] \[ u= v= w= 0\quad\text{on }(0,\infty)\times \partial\Omega, \] \[ u(0, x)= u_0,\quad v(0,x)= v_0,\quad w(0,x)= w_0\quad\text{in }\Omega, \] where \(u\), \(v\) and \(w\) represent scaled densities of the species in a bounded habitat \(\Omega\) in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) with smooth boundary \(\partial\Omega\). The diffusion coefficients \(D_i\) and the growth rates \(a_i\) are assumed positive, and the interaction rates \(k_{ij}\) are all nonnegative. The initial functions \(u_0\), \(v_0\), and \(w_0\) are assumed to be smooth, nonnegative, and not identically zero in \(\Omega\). The author derives conditions which ensure both the presence of a coexistence state and permanence in the reaction-diffusion system (1).