Interaction of an obliquely rising vortex ring with a free surface in a viscous fluid (Q1370148)

The authors study numerically a flow field around a vortex ring approaching a free surface. Obliquely rising vortex rings are considered implying the need for a three-dimensional code for solving (incompressible) Navier-Stokes equations. The problem is characterized by four dimensionless parameters: the angle of incidence \(\theta\) and Reynolds, Froude, and Weber numbers. A rich variety of behaviors depending primarily on \(\theta\) is revealed.