Curvature bound and trajectories for magnetic fields on a Hadamard surface (Q1375742)

Let \(M\) be a smooth complete oriented Riemannian manifold. A closed 2-form \(B\) on \(M\) is called a magnetic field. \(B\) defines a skew-symmetric operator \(\Omega : TM\to TM\), given by \(B(X,Y)=\langle X,\Omega(Y)\rangle\). The norm of the operator \(B_x\colon T_xM\times T_xM\to \mathbb{R}\) is the strength of the magnetic field at a point \(x\). A smooth curve \(\gamma\) is a trajectory for \(B\) if \(\nabla_{\dot\gamma}\dot\gamma =\Omega(\dot\gamma)\), and \(\gamma\) is a normal trajectory if it is parametrized by arc length. If \(M\) is a Riemannian surface, then \(B\) can be expressed as \(B=f\cdot \text{Vol}_M\), where \(\text{Vol}_M\) is the volume form on \(M\) and \(f\) is a smooth function. If \(f\) is constant, that is, if a magnetic field is of constant strength, then \(B\) is called a uniform magnetic field. On surfaces of constant curvature, trajectories are known for any magnetic field \(B=k\cdot \text{Vol}_M\). On the Euclidean plane \(\mathbb{R}^2\) they are circles of radius \(1/|k|\). On a sphere \(\mathbb{S}^2(c)\) they are small circles with prime period \(2\pi/\sqrt{k^2+c}\). In both cases all trajectories are closed. On a hyperbolic plane \(H^2(-c)\) of constant curvature \(-c\), if the strength \(|k|>\sqrt c\), then normal trajectories are still closed (hence bounded), but if \(|k|\leq \sqrt c\) they are unbounded simple curves. In [\textit{T. Adachi}, Tokyo J. Math. 18, No. 2, 473-483 (1995; Zbl 0861.53070)], the present author studied trajectories for Kählerian magnetic fields. On a complex projective plane all trajectories for Kählerian magnetic fields are closed, but on a complex hyperbolic space \(\mathbb{C} H^n(-c)\) of constant holomorphic sectional curvature \(-c\), normal trajectories for Kählerian magnetic fields are similar to trajectories for uniform magnetic fields on a hyperbolic plane. In the present paper, the author studies trajectories on a Hadamard surface \(M\), that is, \(M\) is a simply connected complete Riemannian manifold whose nonpositive curvature \(K\) satisfies \(K\leq -a^2,\;a\geq 0\). The author shows that if \(B=f\cdot \text{Vol}_M\) is a magnetic field with \(|f|\leq a\) on a Hadamard surface \(M\) of curvature \(K\leq -a^2\), then every normal trajectory for \(B\) is unbounded in both directions. Also, by considering the compactification of \(M\) by using its ideal boundary, the author shows that if either \(f\leq 0\) or \(f\geq 0\) except on a compact subset of \(M\), then every normal trajectory of \(B\) has points at infinity, and if \(|f|< a\) except on a compact subset of \(M\), then every normal trajectory of \(B\) has two distinct points at infinity.