Determinantal formula for the cuspidal class number of the modular curve \(X_1(m)\) (Q1379647)

Given an integer \(m \geq 4\), let \(S= \{ a \in \mathbb Z \mid 1 \leq a \leq m/2\), \((a,m)=1 \}\), and let \(M_m\) be the \(\varphi(m)/2 \times \varphi(m)/2\) matrix whose \((a,b)\)-entry with \(a,b \in S\) is equal to the absolute value of the representative of \(ab\) mod \(m\) between \(-m/2\) and \(m/2\). In this paper the author proves that the determinant of \(M_n\) can be expressed in terms of the order of the cuspidal divisor class group of the modular curve \(X_1 (m)\). As an application, he obtains an upper bound of the cuspidal class number of \(X_1 (m)\) when \(m\) is an odd prime with \(m \geq 5\).