The diagonal of the Padé table and the approximation of the Weyl function of second-order difference operators (Q1381505)

The authors study convergence of Padé approximants \((\pi_n= p_n/q_n)\) in connection with spectral properties of associated difference operators \[ z\cdot y_n =a_{n,n-1} \cdot y_{n-1} +a_{n,n} \cdot y_n +a_{n,n+1} \cdot y_{n+1} \tag{*} \] with complex coefficients. It is shown that there exists an operator with the resolvent set being equal to the maximal domain of convergence. Next the resolvent set of operators with periodic tridiagonal matrix and spectrum of any operator with a complex periodic Jacobi matrix are described. In the case of asymptotically periodic complex Jacobi matrices, the convergence (on the resolvent set) of Padé approximants to the associated Weyl function is proved. In the last part of the paper, the case corresponding to the complex Jacobi matrix with uniformly bounded entries is considered. First some bounds for \(\min \{|\pi_n -\varphi |,| \pi_{n+1}- \varphi |\}\) and residuals \((| r_n (z)|)\) (also locally uniform convergence to zero with a geometric rate) are presented. Consequently bounds for the residuals, and formal orthonormal Padé denominators in terms of the Green function of the spectrum \(\sigma (A)\) (of the operator \(A\) associated with (*)) are obtained. It is shown that outside some compact convex set \(Z(A)\) there are no poles of Padé approximants, and \(\{\pi_n\}\) converges in \(\mathbb{C}\setminus Z(A) \subset \Omega (A)\) uniformly to the Weyl function \(\varphi\) with geometric rate. In order to approximate the Weyl function uniformly on the whole resolvent set the authors introduce smoothed Padé approximants defined as \(\widetilde \pi= {\overline q_n p_n+ \overline q_{n-1} p_{n-1} \over \overline q_n q_n+ \overline q_{n-1} q_{n-1}}\) and prove suitable convergence results. The paper contains several illustrative examples.