An elementary proof for the \(O_R\)-theorem of Hardy and Littlewood (Q1381613)

The famous Hardy-Littlewood theorem states that if a series \((a_n)\) is \(A\)-summable to \(0\) and \(na_n\leq 1\), then \(\sum a_n= 0\). There are several proofs of the above theorem due to Hardy, Postnikar, Landau and Gaier, and Zeller and Beckman. In this paper, the authors give an elementary and short proof of the above theorem by combining difference methods due to \textit{A. E. Ingham} [Q. J. Math., Oxf. Ser. 8, 1-7 (1937; Zbl 0016.39701)] with ideas of \textit{H. Wielandt} [Math. Z. 56, 206-207 (1952; Zbl 0046.07802)].