Some \(\Omega\)-results related to the fourth power moment of the Riemann zeta-function and the additive divisor problem (Q1382092)

Let \[ E_2(T) = \int_0^T|\zeta({\textstyle{1\over2}}+it)|^4\text{ d}t - TP_4(\log T) \] denote the error term in the asymptotic formula for the fourth power moment of the Riemann zeta-function \(\zeta(s)\), where \(P_4(y)\) is a polynomial of degree four in \(y\) with leading coefficient \(1/(2\pi^2)\). \textit{Y. Motohashi} [Ann. Sc. Norm. Super. Pisa, Cl. Sci., IV. Ser. 22, 299-313 (1995; Zbl 0831.11046)] recently introduced the function \(Z_2(s) = \int_1^\infty |\zeta({\textstyle{1\over2}}+ix)|^4x^{-s} \text{ d}x\), which is absolutely convergent for \(\text{Re }s> 1\). He has shown that \(Z_2(s)\) has meromorphic continuation over the whole complex plane. In the half-plane \(\text{Re }s > 0\) it has the following singularities: the pole \(s = 1\) of order five, simple poles at \(s = {1\over2} \pm i\kappa_j (\kappa_j =\sqrt{\lambda_j - {1\over4}})\) and poles at \(s = \rho/2\), where \(\rho\) denotes complex zeros of \(\zeta(s)\). Here as usual \( \{\lambda_j = \kappa_j^2 + {1\over4}\} \cup \{0\} \) is the discrete spectrum of the non-Euclidean Laplacian acting on \(SL(2,{\mathbb{Z}})\)-automorphic forms. By using properties of \(Z_2(s)\), Motohashi (op. cit.) showed that \(E_2(T) = \Omega_\pm(T^{1/2})\), and this result was put into a quantitative form by the reviewer [``On the Mellin transform and the Riemann zeta-function'', Proc. Conf. on analytic and elementary number theory, Vienna July 18-20, 1996, 112-127 (1996)]. Now the authors also use \(Z_2(s)\) to prove the following interesting result (and an analogue for the error term in the additive divisor problem): There exist constants \(c > 0\) and \(r_0 > 0\) such that for every \(0 < a < r_0\) we have, as \(T \to \infty\), \[ \mu\{ 1 \leq x \leq T: E_2(x) > a\sqrt{x} \} = \Omega(T/\log^cT), \tag{1} \] and an analogous result for \(E_2(x) < -a\sqrt{x}\), where \(\mu(\cdot)\) denotes Lebesgue measure. The basis of the proof is a Landau-type theorem for Mellin transforms, which is in fact a Tauberian-type result of independent interest. In the case of \(E_2(T)\) the proof of (1) relies on the bound \(\int_0^TE_2^2(t)\text{ d}t \ll T^2\log^CT\), proved by \textit{Y. Motohashi} and the reviewer [Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 69, 309-329 (1994; Zbl 0805.11060)]. The authors also prove that \[ \int_T^{2T}E_2^2(t)\text{ d}t = \Omega(T^2), \] but it should be mentioned that the reviewer [``On the error term for the fourth moment of the Riemann zeta-function'', J. Lond. Math. Soc. (in press)] recently improved this to \(\int_0^{T}E_2^2(t)\text{ d}t \gg T^2\).