On the holonomic deformation of linear differential equations (Q1387925)

The author considers the linear differential equation \[ {d\over dx} y= {1\over x} {\mathcal A}(x,t) y,\quad {\mathcal A}(x,t)= \sum^{g+1}_{k= 0}{\mathcal A}_kx^k\tag{\(*\)} \] under the assumptions: (i) \({\mathcal A}_k\) are \(2\times 2\) matrices; (ii) the eigenvalues of \({\mathcal A}_0\) are distinct up to additive integers; (iii) the eigenvalues of \({\mathcal A}_{g+1}\) are distinct. Changing suitably the variables, \((*)\) can be reduced to the equation \[ {d^2\over dx^2} y+ p_1(x,t) {d\over dx} y+ p_2(x, t) y= 0,\tag{\(**\)} \] where \(p_1(x, t)\) and \(p_2(x, t)\) are expressed in terms of rational functions of \(\lambda_k\) and \(\mu_k\) \((k= 1,\dots, g)\). This equation has nonlogarithmic singular points at \(x= \lambda_k\), and denoting by \(f_{i,j}(x)\) the \((i,j)\) component of matrix \({\mathcal A}(x, t)\), \(\lambda_k\) are zeros of \(f_{1,2}(x)\) and \(\mu_k= f_{1,1}(\lambda_k)/\lambda_k\). The main result states that equation \((**)\) admits a holonomic deformation, if and only if \(\lambda_j\) and \(\mu_j\) satisfy the following Hamiltonian system: \[ {\partial\lambda_i\over\partial t_j}= {\partial\widetilde K_j\over\partial \mu_i},\quad {\partial \mu_i\over\partial t_j}= -{\partial\widetilde K_j\over\partial \lambda_i}\quad (i,j= 1,\dots, g), \] where the Hamiltonians \(\widetilde K\) are the rational functions of \(\lambda_k\) and \(\mu_k\) mentioned above.