On a scheme of investigation for resolvability of resonance boundary value problems (Q1390428)

Equations of the type \(\Lambda x = Fx\) are considered where \(\Lambda : X \to Y\) is a linear, bounded, normally solvable operator, \(F: X \to Y\) is a nonlinear completely continuous operator, \(X, Y\) are Banach spaces. The solvability is studied in the case when the problem is at resonance, that means \(\Lambda\) is not invertible. The scheme suggested uses the notion of the relative coefficient of surjectivity of \(\Lambda\) defined by \[ q(\Lambda) = \inf_{z\neq 0} \frac{\| \Lambda^*_0 z\| }{\| z\| },\qquad z \in (R(\Lambda))^* \] where \(\Lambda^*_0\) is the adjoint to the surjective operator \(\Lambda_0 :X \to R(\Lambda)\) determined by \(\Lambda_0 x = \Lambda x\) for \(x \in X\). It makes possible to obtain the least upper bound for the norms of all operators which are inverse in a generalized sense to the operator \(\Lambda\) and to solve the problem of choosing the projections to the kernel and the image of \(\Lambda\). The proof of the existence result is based on a specific generalization of the Schauder fixed point theorem. As an application, a boundary value problem \[ x''(t) = f(t,x(t)) \text{ for } t \in [0,T],\quad x(0) = x(T),\;x'(0) = x'(T) \] is considered. The existence of at least one solution is proved under the assumption that there exist \(u_0, a, b \geq 0\) such that \(f(t,u)\)sign\( u \geq 0\) for all \([t,u] \in [0,T] \times [u_0,+\infty)\), \(| f(t,u)| \leq a + b| u| \) for all \([t,u] \in [0,T] \times R^1,\;b\gamma \sqrt{T} (1+\gamma)(1+\sqrt{T/3} < 1\) where \(\gamma = \max\{1,T,T\sqrt{T/3}\}\).