The Schur algorithm for generalized Schur functions. II: Jordan chains and transformations of characteristic functions (Q1396180)

For each non-negative integer \(\kappa\), define the set \(S_\kappa\) to consist of all those complex-valued functions \(s\) that are meromorphic on the unit disc \({\mathbb D}\), have \(\kappa\) poles in the disc, and satisfy \(\limsup_{r\uparrow 1} {| s(re^{it})| }\leq 1\) for almost all \(t\in [0,\,2\pi]\). Equivalently, \(S_\kappa\) consists of all functions \(s\), meromorphic in the disc, for which the kernel \[ S_s(z_1,\,z_2) := {{1-s(z_1)\overline{s(z_2)}}\over{1-z_1\overline{z_2}}} \] has \(\kappa\) negative squares. The union \(S:=\bigcup_{\kappa =0}^{\infty}{S_\kappa}\) is the set of generalized Schur functions. (The classical Schur functions comprise \(S_0\).) The set of those elements of \(S_\kappa\) that are analytic in some neighborhood of the origin will be denoted \({S_\kappa}^0\). The classical Schur algorithm, applied to a function \(s_0 \in S_0\), yields a sequence of functions \(\{s_j\}\), each in \(S_0\), defined recursively by \[ s_{j+1}(z) = ({{1}\over{z}}){{s_j(z)-s_j(0)}\over{1-\overline{s_j(0)}s_j(z)}} \] for \(j\geq 0\). The generalized Schur algorithm applies to functions in the set \(S^0\) defined above. The recursion is the same as in the classical case provided that \(| s_j(0)| <1\), but variations on this pattern can also arise when \(| s_j(0)| \geq 1\). In particular, the case \(| s_j(0)| =1\) tends to be rather complicated. The focus of this paper is on certain operators, called colligations, that induce representations of the functions \(\{s_j\}\). Specifically, for any complex function \(s\) that is analytic in some neighborhood of the origin, there is a Krein space \(({\mathcal K},\, \langle \cdot,\cdot\rangle)\), a contraction \(T\) on \({\mathcal K}\), elements \(u\) and \(v\) in \({\mathcal K}\), and a complex number \(\gamma\) such that the function \(s_V\), defined by \[ s_V(z) := \gamma + z\langle (1-zT)^{-1}u,\,v\rangle \] coincides with \(s(z)\) on some neighborhood of 0. (In fact, \(\gamma = s(0)\).) The operator matrix \[ V:= \begin{pmatrix} T&u\cr \langle \cdot,\,v\rangle &\gamma\end{pmatrix} \] is called an operator colligation on \({\mathcal K}\oplus {\mathbb C}\) with characteristic function \(s_V\). If \(VV^*=I\), then the colligation is coisometric. Coisometry of the colligation is equivalent to certain relations between \(T\), \(u\), \(v\) and \(\gamma\) that are used extensively in the paper. In Part I of this article [Oper. Theor. Adv. Appl. 129, 1--36 (2001; Zbl 1008.47017)], the authors showed how to express the entries of the coisometric colligation of the Schur transform of a function in terms of the entries of the colligation of the original function. In this sequel paper, the colligation of the transform is derived in a more geometric way. The results are the same, but the insight is different. Among the key tools is Lemma 2.3, which, for a given colligation \(V\) with characteristic function \(s_V\), describes the colligation whose characteristic function is defined by \[ \widetilde{s}(z):={{1}\over{z^q}}{{s_V(z)-\gamma}\over{1+(s_V(z)-\gamma)}}. \] Also, to a given colligation \(V\), associate the operator \[ \widehat{T}: = T+ {{\gamma^*}\over{1-| \gamma| ^2}}\langle \cdot,\,v\rangle u\;. \] Lemma 3.1 asserts that, if \(V\) is a coisometry and \(| \gamma| \neq 1\), then \(\widehat{T}v=0\). Moreover, if the power series of \(s_V(z)-s_V(0)\) has a factor of \(z^k\) for \(k>1\), then \[ \widehat{T}v=0,\;\widehat{T}T^*v=v,\;\ldots ,\;\widehat{T}T^{*(k-1)}v=T^{*(k-2)}v; \] that is, the vectors \(v\), \(T^*v\), \(T^{*2}v,\;\ldots\), \(T^{*(k-1)}v\) form a Jordan chain of \(\widehat{T}\) at the eigenvalue \(0\). Theorems 3.3 and 3.4 give the descriptions of the colligation of the Schur transform of a given function \(s\) in \({S_\kappa}^0\) in case \(| s(0)| \neq 1\). Section 4, comprising nearly half of the paper, treats the case where \(| s(0)| =1\).