Noncommutative finite-dimensional manifolds. I: Spherical manifolds and related examples (Q1396200)

The main result of this paper is a complete description of noncommutative three-dimensional spherical manifolds, a noncommutative version of the sphere \(S^3\) defined by basic \(K\)-theoretic equations. The corresponding 3-parameter deformation of the 4-dimensional Euclidean space \(\mathbb{R}^4\) and the differential calculus on noncommutative spheres are also investigated. The algebra \({\mathcal A}\) of functions on a spherical noncommutative manifold \({\mathcal S}\) of dimension \(n\) is generated by the matrix elements \(e^i_j\) of a selfadjoint idempotent \(e\) for \(n=2m\), and \(U^i_j\) of unitary \(U\) for \(n=2m+1\): \[ e=(e^i_j) \in M_q({\mathcal A}),\;e=e^2= e^*,\;U=(U^i_j) \in M_q({\mathcal A}),\;UU^*= U^*U=1. \] \(e\) and \(U\) need to satisfy \[ ch_k(e)=\bigl(e^{i_0}_{i_1}-\tfrac 12 \delta^{i_0}_{i_1}\bigr) \otimes e^{i_1}_{i_2}\otimes e^{i_2}_{i_3} \otimes \cdots \otimes e^{i_{2k}}_{i_0}=0, \] \[ ch_{k+\tfrac 12}=U_{i_1}^{i_0}\otimes U^{*i_1}_{i_2} \otimes U_{i_3}^{i_2}\otimes \cdots\otimes U_{i_0}^{*i_{2k+1}}-U_{i_1}^{*i_0} \otimes\cdots \otimes Ui_{2k+1_{i_0}}=0, \] for \(0\leq k\leq m-1\). It was shown that nontrivial noncommutative solution to this equation exists for \(n=3\), \(q=2\) and \(n=4\), \(q=4\) [\textit{A. Connes} and \textit{G. Landi}, Commun. Math. Phys. 221, 141-159 (2001; Zbl 0997.81045)], hereafter referred to as [1]]. (The authors say that in part II of this paper they show \(q=2^m\) for \(n=2m\) and \(n=2 m+1)\). The complete description of noncommutative 3-spheres and 4-planes is achieved via the classification of the complex unital \(*\)-algebra \({\mathcal A}^{(1)}\) generated by the matrix elements of a unitary \(U\in M_2({\mathcal A}^{(1)})\) where \[ ch_{ \tfrac 12}(U)= U^i_j\otimes U_i^{*j}-U_j^{*i} \otimes U_i^j=0, \] and \({\mathcal A}\) generated by the matrix elements of \(U\): \(U^*U=U U^*\in{\mathfrak I}_2\otimes{\mathcal A}\). In Sec. 2, such algebras parametrized by \[ {\mathfrak u}=(e^{i \varphi_1}, e^{i \varphi_2},e^{i\varphi_3})\in T^3 \] are constructed. The algebras corresponding to \({\mathbf u}\) are denoted by \({\mathcal A}_{\mathfrak u}\) and \({\mathcal A}_{\mathfrak u}^{(1)} \), respectively. \({\mathcal A}_{\mathfrak u}^{(1)}\) is the quotient of \({\mathcal A}_{\mathfrak u}\) by the ideal generated by \(\sum_\mu (x^\mu)^2-1\). Moreover, any algebra satisfying the above conditions is a quotient of \({\mathcal A}_{\mathfrak u}\) (resp. of \({\mathcal A}_{\mathfrak u}^{(1)}\). Theorem 1). Let \(\Sigma=T^3\) be the parameter space for 3-dimensional spherical manifolds \({\mathcal S}^3_{\mathfrak u}\). It is foliated by the orbits of the flow of the vector field \[ Z=\sum^3_{k=1} \sin(2\varphi_k) \sin( \varphi_l+ \varphi_m-\varphi_k) {\partial \over\partial \varphi_k}. \] This foliation determines the scale equivalence (the quadratic algebras corresponding to \(\mathbb{R}^4_{\mathfrak u}\) and \(\mathbb{R}^4_{\mathfrak u}\) are isomorphic. Theorem 3). It is shown \({\mathcal A}_{\mathfrak u}\), \({\mathfrak u}\in C\), the set of critical points for \(Z\) is interpreted as the Sklyanin algebra [\textit{E. K. Sklyanin}, Funct. Anal. Appl. 16, 263-270 (1983; Zbl 0513.58028)]. \(C\) is the union of the point \(P=( \pi/2,\pi/2, \pi/2)\) with the two circles \[ C_+= \{{\mathfrak u}:\varphi_1= \varphi_2, \varphi_3= 0\},\;C_-=\left\{ {\mathfrak u}:\varphi_1={\pi\over 2}+\varphi_3, \varphi_2 ={\pi\over 2}\right\}. \] Since the case of \(C_-\) can be reduced to \(C_+\), the rest of the paper analyses the noncommutative 3-sphere associated to the critical points in \(C_+\). In Sect. 4, a noncommutative deformation \(\mathbb{R}^{2 n}_\theta\) of \(\mathbb{R}^{2n}\), \(n\geq 2\), which is coherent with the identification \(\mathbb{C}^n= \mathbb{R}^{2n}\) as real spaces and which is also consequently a noncommutative deformation \(\mathbb{C}^n_\theta\) is defined. For \(n-2\), this deformation reduces to the above deformation. A deformation of the generators of the Clifford algebra of \(\mathbb{R}^{2n}\) is also defined. In Sect. 5, noncommutative versions \(\mathbb{R}_\theta^{2n+1}\), \({\mathcal S}_\theta^{2n}\) and \({\mathcal S}_\theta^{2n-1}\) of \(\mathbb{R}^{2n+1}\), \(S^{2n}\) and \(S^{2n+1}\) are defined. \(S^3_\theta\) reduces to the deformation of \(S^3\) associated to non-generic values of \({\mathfrak u}\). \(S^4_\theta\) reduces to the noncommutative 4-sphere in [1]. Algebraic versions of differential forms on these noncommutative spaces are defined in Sect. 6. In Sect. 7, quantum groups which are deformations (called \(\theta\)-deformation) of the classical groups \(GL(m,\mathbb{R})\), \(SL(m,\mathbb{R})\) and \(GL(n,\mathbb{C})\), for \(m \geq 4\), \(n\geq 2\) are constructed. Nonexistence of such deformation for \(SL(n, \mathbb{C})\) is also remarked. Deformations of the groups \(O(m)\), \(SO(m)\) and \(U(n)\) are constructed in Sect. 8. Nonexistence of such deformation for \(SU(n)\) is also remarked. The structure of the algebraic version of differential forms on the above quantum groups is analysed in Sect. 9 and it is shown that these graded-involutive differential algebras turn out to be graded-involutive differential Hopf algebras (Theorem 5). In Section 10, the splitting homomorphism \[ st:C_{\text{alg}} (\mathbb{R}^{2n}_\theta) \to C_{\text{alg}} (\mathbb{R}^{2n})\otimes C_{\text{alg}} (T^n_\theta),\;st(z^\mu)= z^\mu_{(0)} \otimes U^\mu, \] where \(z^\mu_{(0)}\) are the classical coordinates of \(\mathbb{C}^n\) corresponding to \(z^\mu\) for \(\theta=0\) and \(U^\mu\) the generator of \(T^n_\theta\), is defined (Theorem 6). It is used to produce smooth structures on noncommutative spaces (Sect. 11) [cf. \textit{A. Connes}, C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. A 290, 599-604 (1980; Zbl 0433.46057)]. In Sect. 12, a general construction of the noncommutative deformation \(C^\infty(M_\theta)\) of the algebra \(C^\infty(M)\), where \(M\) is a smooth manifold endowed with a smooth action of the \(n\)-torus \(T^n\) is given. It is a special case of Rieffel's deformation quantization [\textit{M. A. Rieffel}, Deformation quantization for actions of \(\mathbb{R}^d\), Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 506 (1993; Zbl 0798.46053)]. Then invariance of the Hochschild dimension of \(M_\theta\) is proved (Theorem 8). By using the splitting homomorphism, a spectral triple associated with \(M_\theta\) is constructed in Sect. 13 (Theorem 9). The authors remark in Sect. 14, the last Section, that an analysis of \(\mathbb{R}^4_{\mathfrak u}\) for generic \({\mathfrak u}\) will be done in part II [cf. \textit{A. Connes} and \textit{M. Dubois-Violette}, Moduli space and structure of noncommutative 3-spheres, math.QA/0308275].