Characterizations of \(K\)-functionals built from fractional powers of infinitesimal generators of semigroups (Q1404479)

Let \(\{T(t) : t\geq 0\}\) be an equibounded semigroup of class \((\mathcal C_0)\) of linear operators on a real or complex Banach space \(X\), with infinitesimal generator \(A\). The paper is concerned with the fractional powers \((-A)^\alpha\) of \(A\), defined and studied in several previous papers by the \textit{U. Westphal} [Compos. Math. 22, Part I, 67-103 and Part II, ibid. 104-136 (1970; Zbl 0194.15401; resp. Zbl 0194.15402), Proc. London Math. Soc., III. Ser. 29, 557-576 (1974; Zbl 0294.47030)], and in [Applications of fractional calculus in physics, R. Hilfer ed., World Scientific, Singapore, 131-170 (2000; Zbl 0989.44002)]. The fractional power \((-A)^\alpha\) is defined formally on \(D((-A)^\alpha)\) by \((-A)^\alpha f := s-\lim_{t\to 0+} t^{-\alpha} [I-T(t)]^\alpha f,\) where \(D((-A)^\alpha)\) is formed by all \(f\in X\) for which the strong limit from above exists. In the present paper the authors define the \(K\)-functional \[ K_\alpha = K_\alpha(t,f;X,D((-A)^\alpha) = \inf \{\|f-g\|+ t\|(-A)^\alpha g\|: g\in D((-A)^\alpha)\}, \] for \( t>0, \) and study its relations with the fractional modulus of continuity \(\omega_\alpha = \omega_\alpha(t,f;X) = \sup_{0<s<t}\|T(s)f - f\|, \) proving that \(K_\alpha \approx \omega_\alpha .\) The paper contains also characterizations of the functional \(K_\alpha\) in terms of appropriate truncated hypersingular integrals and of some fractional integral over the resolvent of \(A\). As consequences, one obtains abstract Marchaud-type inequalities for fractional moduli of smoothness as well as optimal and nonoptimal results. Some of the obtained results extend to the fractional case well known classical results, see, e.g., \textit{P. L. Butzer} and \textit{H. Berens} [``Semi-groups of operators and approximation'', Springer-Berlin (1967; Zbl 0164.43702)].