Riesz transforms on compact Lie groups, spheres and Gauss space (Q1416634)

Let \(M\) be a Riemannian manifold without boundary, \(\nabla_M\), \(\text{div}_M\) and \(\Delta_M\) be, respectively, the gradient, the divergence and the Laplacian associated with \(M\). The operator \(R^M=\nabla_M\circ(-\Delta_M)^{-1/2}\) is called the Riesz transform on \(M\). Let \(M=G\) be a compact Lie group endowed with a biinvariant Riemannian metric and let \(\mathfrak G\) be its Lie algebra. Let \(X\) be a left invariant vector field such that \(|X|=1\), where \(|\cdot|\) is the norm induced on \(\mathfrak G\) by the metric of \(G\). The operator \(R^X=X\circ(-\Delta_G)^{-1/2}\) is called the Riesz transform in the direction \(X\). The author gives the following: Let \(1<p<\infty\). Then, it holds \[ \|R^G f\|_p\leq 2(\max(p,p')-1)\|f\|_p\tag{i} \] for any \(f\in L^p(G)\) with \(\int_G f(x) dx=0\); \[ \|R^X f\|_p\leq \cot(\pi/(2\max(p,p')))\|f\|_p\tag{ii} \] for any \(f\in L^p(G)\) with \(\int_G f(x) dx=0\); \[ \|(Id\oplus R^X) f\|_p\leq (\cot(\pi/(2\max(p,p')))^2+1)^{1/2} \|f\|_p\tag{iii} \] for any \(f\in L^p(G)\) with \(\int_G f(x) dx=0\). The above bounds are the best possible, if \(G\) is the \(n\)-dimensional torus, or if \(G=SO(n)\). The author also considers the cases \(M=S^n(\mathbb R^n)\) with the standard metric and \(\mathbb R^n\) endowed with the Gaussian measure \(\gamma(dx)=(2\pi)^{-n/2}e^{-|x|^2/2}dx\). The proofs are based on a probabilistic method, using martingale theory, begun by D. Burkholder, P. A. Meyer, R. F Gundy and N. Varopoulos, etc.