A law of large numbers for the zeroes of Heine-Stieltjes polynomials (Q1425072)

The Heine-Stielties polynomials are polynominal solutions \(\Phi\) of a generalized Lamé equation \[ \prod\limits_{\nu=o}^N (x-\alpha_\nu) {{d^2}\over{dx^2}} \Phi(x)+ 2\sum\limits_{\nu=0}^N \beta_\nu \prod\limits_{\mu\neq \nu} (x-\alpha_\mu){{d}\over{dx}}\Phi(x)=V(x)\Phi(x) \] where \(\beta_1, \dots, \beta_N\) are positive reals, \(\alpha_0<\alpha_1<\dots<\alpha_N\), and where \(V(x)\) are so-called Van Vleck polynomials. In accordance with a theorem of Heine and Stieltjes for any \(N\)-typle \(\underline{m}=(m_1, \dots, m_N)\), \(m_j\in {\mathbb N}\), \(1\leq j\leq N\), there exist unique \(V(x)\) and \(\Phi(x)\) such that \[ \Phi(x)=\prod\limits_{i=1}^K (x-\theta_i(\underline{m})), \quad K=| \underline{m}| =\sum_{j=1}^N m_j \] and exactly \(m_j\) roots \(\theta_i (\underline{m})\) lie in the interval \((\alpha_{j-1}, \alpha_j)\). In the paper the authors study the asymptotic behavior of roots of \(\Phi(x)\) in the regime where \(0<\alpha_0< \dots < \alpha_N <1\) and \(N\to\infty\). In particular it is proved that for any \(\varphi\in B V[0, 1]\) \[ \left( {{N+K-1}\atop K} \right)^{-1} \sum\limits_{| \underline{m}| =K}\left({1\over K} \sum\limits_{i=1}^K \varphi(\theta_i(\underline{m}))-{1\over {N+1}}\sum_{\nu=0}^N \varphi(\alpha_\nu)\right)^2=O\left( {1\over N}\right)+ O\left({1\over K}\right) \] where the other summation is over all \(\binom{N+K-1}{K}\) possible choices of the \(N\)-typles \(\underline{m}\) with \(| \underline{m}| =K\). As a corollary to this relation the authors obtain a strong law large numbers for \(\theta_i(\underline{m})\).