Filter products of \(C_{0}\)-semigroups and ultraproduct representations for Lie groups. (Q1428450)

Ultraproduct constructions are useful to derive ``exact'' relations from ``approximate'' relations. A typical example: the approximate point spectrum \(\sigma_{ap}(T)\) of an operator \(T\) coincides with the point spectrum \(\sigma_p(\widehat{T})\) of an ultrapower \(\widehat{T}\) of \(T\). In this interesting paper, the authors present a construction of this kind and apply it to the study of semigroups of operators and strongly continuous, unitary representations of locally compact groups. Let \(E\) be a complex Banach space, and let \(\beta\) be a filter on the set of all positive integer numbers which refines the Fréchet filter. Define the \(\beta\)-product \(\widehat{E}\) of \(E\) as the quotient \(\ell_\infty(E)/{N}\), where \({N}\) is the subspace of the bounded sequences in \(E\) which converge to \(0\) following \(\beta\). Every element of \(\widehat{E}\) can be identified with a class \([x_i]\) of sequences in \(E\), where \((x_i)\) is a representative element of the class, and for every operator \(T\) on \(E\) the expression \(\widehat{T}[x_i] = [Tx_i]\) defines an operator \(\widehat{T}\) on \(\widehat{E}\). Now, if \((T(t))_{t\geq 0}\) is a \(C_0\)-semigroup of operators acting on \(E\) and \(A\) is its generator, then \((\widehat{T}(t))_{t\geq 0}\) is a semigroup of operators acting on \(\widehat{E}\) which is generated by \(\widehat{A}\). The problem is that the semigroup \((\widehat{T}(t))_{t\geq 0}\) is not strongly continuous, in general. To avoid this problem, the authors construct a subspace \(\widehat{E}_0\) of \(\widehat{E}\) as follows. Let \(M\geq 1\) and \(\omega\geq 0\) be numbers such that \(\| T(t)\| \leq M e^{wt}\) for all \(t\in [0,\infty)\). We denote by \(L_1^{\omega}[0,\infty)\) the space of all functions \(f\) such that \(e^{wt}f\in L_1[0,\infty)\). Let \(E_0\) be the subspace of \(E\) given by \(E_0:= \{\int_0^\infty f(t) T(t)x\, dt: f\in L_1^{\omega}[0,\infty)\), \(x\in E\}\). Then the \(\beta\) product \(\widehat{E_0}\) of \(E_0\) can be identified with a subspace of \(\widehat{E}\), and the authors prove that, by taking restrictions, we get a \(C_0\)-semigroup \((\widehat{T}_0(t))_{t\geq 0}\) of operators acting on \(\widehat{E_0}\) which is generated by \(\widehat{A_0}\). Moreover, \[ \sigma_{ap}(A) = \sigma_{ap}(\widehat{A_0}) = \sigma_p(\widehat{A_0})\quad \text{and}\quad \sigma(A) = \sigma(\widehat{A_0}). \] In the fourth section, they consider a strongly continuous, unitary representation \((\pi,H_\pi)\) of a compactly generated, locally compact group \(G\). Given a free ultrafilter on the set of all positive integer numbers, they take the space \(L_1(G)\) of integrable functions on \(G\) with respect to the Haar measure, and apply a similar method to obtain a strongly continuous, unitary representation \((\widehat{\pi}_0,\widehat{H_0})\) of \(G\). They prove that \(\pi\) has almost invariant vectors if and only if \(\widehat{\pi}_0\) has a nonzero fixed vector. In the fifth section, they obtain some spectral identities in the case that \(G\) is a connected Lie group.