Cardinality and nilpotency of localizations of groups and \(G\)-modules (Q1567344)

Let \({\mathcal D}\) be a reflective full subcategory of a category \({\mathcal C}\), with reflector \(F:{\mathcal C}\to{\mathcal D}\) and unit \(a:1\to L\), where \(L\) denotes the composition \(L:{\mathcal C}@>F>>{\mathcal D}\hookrightarrow{\mathcal C}\). The pair \((L,a)\) can be characterized by the property that \(aL:L\to L^2\) is invertible with \(La= aL\). Such pairs \((L,a)\) are studied for the categories \({\mathcal G}rp\) (groups), \({\mathcal A}b\) (abelian groups), and \(G\)-\({\mathcal M}od\) (\(G\)-modules for a fixed group \(G\)). A particular class of pairs \((L,a)\) arises from localization functors \(L\) with respect to morphisms in \({\mathcal C}\) [see \textit{C. Casacuberta}, Contemp. Math. 181, 35-44 (1995; Zbl 0823.55010)]. For \({\mathcal C}={\mathcal G}rp\) it is not known whether each \((L,a)\) is of this form. In case \({\mathcal C}={\mathcal A}b\) it is shown that \(a_G\) is epic for \(G\) bounded or divisible. For a rational prime \(p\) this implies \(LG= G\) or \(LG=0\) if \(G= \mathbb{Z} (p^\infty)\). Therefore \(L\) determines a set of prime numbers. If \(L\mathbb{Z} (p^\infty)\neq 0\), then \(LG= G\) holds for every \(p\)-group \(G\in{\mathcal A}b\). One of the main results of the article states that \(|LG|\leq|G|^{\aleph_0}\) for every torsion group \(G\in {\mathcal A}b\). For \({\mathcal C}={\mathcal G}rp\) the author proves that nilpotency up to class two is preserved under \(L\). In this case \(LG\) lies in the variety of \(G\) (i.e., group identities are preserved). If \(G\) is nilpotent of class \(c(G)\), then \(c(LG)\leq c(G)\) holds whenever \(LG\) is nilpotent. Stronger results of that type are proved for the category of \(G\)-modules.