A necessary and sufficient condition of local integrability (Q1570025)

Let \(X\) be a nowhere-zero \(C^\infty\) complex vector field near the origin in \(\mathbb{R}^2\). Then \(X\) is called locally integrable if the equation \(Xu= 0\) has a \(C^1\) solution \(u\) with \(du\neq 0\) near the origin. The equation \(Xu= 0\) can be transformed into the form \((\partial_t+ ia(t, x)\partial_x)u= 0\), where \(a\) is a real-valued \(C^\infty\) function. If the function \(t\to a(t,x)\) changes sign in any small neighbourhood of the origin, then \(X\) need not be locally integrable, however, necessary and sufficient conditions were derived when \(a(0,0)= 0\) and \(\partial_t a(0,0)= 0\) by Treves and Sjörstrand. The author resolves the more general case when \(a(t,x)= (t^{2d})'b(t,x)\), where \(b\) is a positive \(C^\infty\) function and \(d\) is a positive integer. Singular integral equations of the Cauchy type are employed.