Divergence property of formal solutions for singular first order linear partial differential equations (Q1577648)

Summary: This paper is concerned with the study of the convergence and the divergence of formal power series solutions of the following first-order singular linear partial differential equation with holomorphic coefficients at the origin: \[ P(x, D)u(x)= \sum^d_{i= 1}a_i(x) D_iu(x)+ b(x) u(x)= f(x), \] where \(f(x)\) is holomorphic at the origin. Here the equation is said to be singular if \(a_i(0)= 0\) \((j= 1,\dots, d)\). In this case, it is known that under the so-called Poincaré condition, if \(\{a_i(x)\}^d_{i=1}\) generates a simple ideal, every formal solution is convergent. However, if we remove these conditions, we shall see that the formal solution, if it exists, may be divergent. More precisely, we will characterize the rate of divergence of formal solutions via Gevrey order of formal solutions determined by a Newton polyhedron, a generalization of Newton polygon which is familiar in the study of ordinary differential equations with an irregular singular point.