On predicting the future (Q1581866)

Let \(A\) be an invertible operator in a Banach space \(X\). Let \(x\in X\) and \(f\in X^*\) be arbitrary, where \(X^*\) denotes the space of linear functionals on \(X\). Suppose that the values of \(f(A^kx)\) are given for \(k\) negative. The author addresses the following question: Is it possible to ``predict'' the future measurements of \(f\) on \(A^kx\)? The author shows that under the assumption that \(0\) and \(\infty\) belong to the same component of the resolvent set of \(A\), then the negative trajectory of \(x\) determines, in some sense, the positive trajectory.