On the range of certain pendulum-type equations (Q1587436)

The authors treat the perturbed problem \[ mx''(t)+ g_1\bigl(x' (t) \bigr)+g_0 \bigl(x(t) \bigr)=f(t),\;t\in[0,T], \quad x(0)=x(T),\quad x'(0) =x'(T), \] where \(g_0\) is of pendulum type, showing that, in general, the range of the perturbed operator is not contained in \(R_t\). The range \(R_t\) of the operator related to this problem is very well known. This points out an important qualitative difference with respect to the case where \(g_0\) is of the Landesman-Lazer type. On the other hand they prove that if \(f\) is small then the mentioned inclusion is true in general.