A note on the existence, uniqueness and symmetry of par-balanced realizations (Q1587854)

A new proof of N. J. Young's theorem concerning the existence of par-balanced realizations is given. An operator valued function \(G: \{z\in\mathbb{C}\mid|z|> 1\}\to L(U,Y)\) is considered, which is analytic on its domain and at infinity, \(U\) and \(Y\) being two Hilbert spaces. The Taylor expansion \({1\over z}(G({1\over z})- G(\infty))= \sum_{k\geq 0} S_kz^k\), \(|z|> 1\), defines the Markov parameters \(S_k\in L(U,Y)\), \(k\geq 0\), which are used to determine a block-operator Hankel matrix \(H\). The realization problem asks for the determination of a Hilbert space \({\mathcal H}\) and of a discrete-time, time-invariant linear system \(\Sigma= (A,B,C,D)\) with contractive main operator \(A\in L({\mathcal H})\) and with \(B\in L(U, {\mathcal H})\), \(C\in L({\mathcal H}, Y)\), \(D\in L(U,Y)\) such that \(G\) is the transfer function of \(\Sigma\), i.e. \(G(z)= C(zI- A)^{-1} B+D\). The realization \(\Sigma\) is called par-balanced if the observability operator \(O\) and the reachability operator \(R\) of \(\Sigma\) are bounded everywhere defined operators and \(O^*O= RR^*\). Young's realization theorem states that if the block-operator matrix \(H\) defines a bounded operator \( H: \ell^2_U\to \ell^2_Y\), then there exists a realization \(\Sigma\) of \(G\) which corresponds to some Hilbert space \({\mathcal H}\) and which is observable, reachable and par-balanced. In this paper a new proof of the realization theorem is given, which starts by considering the right shift realization \(\Sigma_0 =(A_0,B_0, C_0, D_0)\) of \(G\) as in the original Young's proof but then it adopts a new strategy, based on the concept of induced Hilbert space and on the lifting lemma of Kreĭn-Reid-Lax-Dieudonné. The main construction of the par-balanced realization lies in the lifting of the system \(\Sigma_0\) with state space \({\mathcal H}\) to the induced system \(\Sigma= (A,B,C,D)\) with the induced Hilbert state space. The central part of the proof shows that \(A_0\in L({\mathcal H})\) induces the unique contractive operator \(A\). An alternative proof is given which uses the Loewner inequality instead of the lifting lemma. The uniqueness of the par-balanced realization (modulo unitary equivalence) is also proved. This result is used to show that par-balanced realizations of real symmetric transfer functions \(G\) are \(J\)-selfadjoint.