On the extrapolation of perturbation series (Q1591304)

The paper deals with algebraic approximants deriving from a number of power series. Let nonnegative integers \( {\xi } \), \( {\tau }\), degrees \( D(\mu) (0 \leq \mu \leq xi) \) and contact orders \( C(\nu) (0 \leq \nu \leq \tau) \) satisfying the condition \[ \xi + \Bigl\{\sum D(\mu) |0 \leq \mu \leq \xi \Bigr\} = \tau + 1 + \Bigl\{\sum C(\nu) |0 \leq \nu \leq \tau \Bigr\} \] be prescribed, and let \( {\mathcal F}(\nu|x) (0 \leq \nu \leq \tau) \) be \(\tau+1 \) series in ascending nonnegative powers of \( x \). Determine the coefficients \( P \) in the polynomials \[ p(\mu|x) = \Bigl\{\sum P(\mu,\nu) x^{\nu} |0 \leq \nu \leq D(\mu) \Bigr\} \] for \( 0 \leq \mu \leq \xi \) by setting \[ h(\xi,\tau|x,y) = \Bigl\{ \sum p(\mu|x) y^{\mu} |0 \leq \mu \leq \xi \Bigr\} \] and imposing the condition that the coefficients of \( x \) up to and including the \( C(\nu) \)'th in \( h(\xi,\tau|x, {\mathcal F}(\nu|x)) \) are all zero for \( 0 \leq \nu \leq \tau \), and setting \( P(\xi|0) = 1 \) (a system of linear algebraic equations results). Having derived the coefficients \( P \), evaluate the approximant \( r({\mathcal F}||\xi,\tau,C,D|x) \) by solving the equation \[ h(\xi,\tau|x,r({\mathcal F}||\xi,\tau,C,D|x)) = 0 \] for each \( x \) in this range (alternatively, after having solved an algebraic equation for the constant term, use a recursion to derive that power series associated with \( r \) corresponding to each root obtained). (To provide a simple example, take \( \xi = 1 \), \(\tau = 0 \), so that \( C(0) = D(0) + D(1) \). The coefficients \( P \) in the two polynomials \( p(0|x) \) and \( p(1|x) \) with \( p(1|0) = 1 \) are derived from the single power series \( {\mathcal F}(x) = {\mathcal F}(0|x) \) by imposing the condition that in the ascending power series expansion of \( p(0|x) + p(1|x) {\mathcal F}(x) \), the coefficients of all powers of \( x \) up to and including \(x^{D(0) + D(1)} \) should be zero. Thereafter \( r(x) = r({\mathcal F} ||1,0,C,D|x) \) is obtained by solving \( p(0|x) + p(1|x) r(x) = 0 \) for all \( x \) of interest. \( r \) is the approximating fraction with numerator and denominator degrees \( D(0) \) and \( D(1) \) respectively derived from \( {\mathcal F} \).) The author gives a conservation law for a variant of the above approximants. The allocation \( p(\xi|x) = 1 \) is forced, and the choices \( \tau = \xi - 1 \) and \( D(\nu) = C(\nu) = \gamma \) for \( 0 \leq \nu < \xi \) are adhered to, so that \( h(\xi,\gamma|x,y) \) may be written as \( h'(\xi,\gamma|x,y) \) and the approximant derived from \( { \mathcal F } \) as \( r'({\mathcal F}||\xi, \gamma|x) \). The first \( \gamma + 1 \) coefficients in the ascending power series associated with \( r'({\mathcal F}||\xi, \gamma|x)\) are preserved in \( r'({\mathcal F}||\xi, \gamma+1|x) \). (To give a simple example, set \(\xi = 1 \). The single polynomial \(p(0|x) \), of degree \( \gamma \), is derived from the condition that the first \( \gamma +1 \) terms in \( p(0|x) + {\mathcal F}(x) \) should be zero and is formed from the first \( \gamma+1 \) terms of \( {\mathcal F}(x) \) (with sign reversed). The approximant \( r'({\mathcal F}||\xi, \gamma|x) \) is derived from the condition \( p(0|x) + r'({\mathcal F}||\xi, \gamma|x) = 0 \): the first \(\gamma+1 \) terms of \( {\mathcal F } \) are recovered: they are indeed preserved in \( r'({\mathcal F}||\xi,\gamma+1|x) \).) Some numerical examples relating to power series expansions of eigenvalues of perturbed Hamiltonians are given.