Complex structures adapted to smooth vector fields (Q1598176)

The authors study the flat geometry and real dynamics of meromorphic vector fields on compact Riemann surfaces from the differential geometry and dynamical systems point of view. Necessary and sufficient conditions to assert the existence of meromorphic vector fields with prescribed singularities are given. Theorem: Let \(M\) be a compact oriented smooth two-manifold of genus \(g\). There exist a complex structure \(J\) on \(M\) and a meromorphic vector field \(X\) on the Riemannian surface \((M,J)\) with exactly \(s\) zeros and \(k\) poles (counted with multiplicities) if and only if 1) the Poincaré-Hopf index formula \(s+k=2-2g\) holds; \ 2) \(s=0\) or \(s\geq2\). A characterization of the real dynamics of meromorphic vector fields is also given. Theorem: Let \(M\) be a compact oriented smooth two-manifold, consider a discrete set \(K\subset M\) and a smooth vector field \(F\) on \(M-K\) having smooth isolated singularities at \(S\subset M\supset-K\). There exists a complex structure \(J\) on \(M\), making \(F\) the real part of a meromorphic vector field on \((M,J)\) with simple zeros and poles if and only if 1) \(F\) has sources, sinks or centers at \(S\); 2) \(F\) is up to diffeomorphism at points of \(K\) locally equivalent with \(\frac{1}{x^2+y^2} (x\frac{\partial}{\partial\,x}-y\frac{\partial}{\partial\,y})\); 3) The closure of nontrivial recurrences of \(F\) are two-manifolds with boundary \(\bar N_i\) in \(M\). On each \(\bar N_i\) the vector field \(F\) has a smooth transverse invariant measure, and the flow has a smooth invariant transversal. If two of these recurrence two-manifolds are adjacent, then the smooth transverse invariant measure and the smooth invariant transversals exist on the union of both. 4) \(F\) has the isochronicity property for nonsingular closed trajectories, saddle connections and recurrence connections. Several explicit examples of meromorphic vector fields, using singular flat metrics, are provided.