\(L_1\)-norms of exponential sums and the corresponding additive problem (Q1598248)

Let \(f(1) < f(2) < \cdots < f(n)\) be a sequence of integers and denote by \(J = J(n)\) the number of solutions of the equation \[ f(x) + f(y)= f(u)+ f(v), \quad 1 \leq x,y,u,v \leq n. \] The authors derive -- under some restrictions on \(f\) -- lower and upper bounds for \(J\). In the special case of \(f(x) = [A x^{\alpha}]\) (\(A>0\), \(1 < \alpha \leq \frac{3}{2}\)) they obtain \[ n^{4 - \alpha}\ll J\ll n^{4 - \alpha} \log n. \] These results can be applied to improve known lower bounds for \[ \int_0^1 \left|\sum_{x=1}^n e^{2 \pi i \beta f(x)} \right|^2 d \beta. \]