Area-preserving normalizations for centers of planar Hamiltonian systems (Q1598391)

The Poincaré normal form theorem asserts that a critical point of an analytic planar differential system is a nondegenerated center if and only if there exists an analytic change of coordinates (called normalization) that writes it as \(\dot x=-yf(x^2,y^2),\) \(\dot y=xf(x^2,y^2)\), for some analytic map \(f\) with \(f(0)=0.\) This normalization is not necessarily unique. It is also known that if the differential system is Hamiltonian this change of coordinates can be taken canonical (i.e., the determinant of its Jacobian is identical one). The normal form obtained by using this special normalization is called canonical normal form and it is unique. Here, the authors provide an elementary proof of this last fact. Their proof is based on a method that allows one to obtain a canonical normalization from a general one. The tools developed to prove the above result are also used to prove other related facts. For instance, it is proved that a Hamiltonian planar differential system has an isochronous center of period \(2\pi\) at the origin if and only if the Hamiltonian function is \(H(x,y)=(g^2(x,y)+h^2(x,y))/2,\) where the map \((g,h)\) is an analytical canonical map vanishing at the origin. Another result obtained in the paper is that two Hamiltonian systems are canonically conjugated if and only if they have the same canonical normal form.