Continuous selections and finite \(C\)-spaces (Q1602976)

The class of finite \(C\)-spaces was introduced by P. Borst as a subclass of \(C\)-spaces in the sense of \textit{D. Addis} and \textit{J. H. Gresham} [Fundam. Math. 101, 195--205 (1978; Zbl 0397.54051)]. The author gives characterizations of finite \(C\)-spaces in terms of continuous selections for set-valued maps, and shows that they have wide application. For a space \(Y\), let \(2^Y\) denote the set of all non-empty subsets of \(Y\). A set-valued map \(\theta:X\to 2^Y\) is called strongly lower semicontinuous if for every compact \(K\subseteq Y\) the set \(\{x\in X:K\subseteq\theta(x)\}\) is open in \(X\). A sequence \(\theta_n:X\to 2^Y\), \(n\in \mathbb{N}\), is called aspherical if for each \(x\in X\) and each \(n\in \mathbb{N}\), \(\theta_n(x)\) is a \(C^{n-1}\)-embedded subset of \(\theta_{n+1}(x)\), i.e., every continuous image of a \(k\)-sphere in \(\theta_n(x)\), where \(k\leq n-1\), is contractible in \(\theta_{n+1}(x)\). The first characterization is: For a paracompact space \(X\) the following are equivalent: (a) \(X\) is a finite \(C\)-space; (b) For any space \(Y\) and any aspherical sequence of strongly lower semicontinuous maps \(\varphi_n:X\to 2^Y\), there exists \(m\) such that \(\varphi_m\) admits a continuous selection; (c) For any space \(Y\) and any aspherical sequence \(\varphi_n:X\to 2^Y\) of set-valued open-graph maps, there exists \(m\) such that \(\varphi_m\) admits a continuous selection. For a Banach space \(Y\), let \({\mathcal F}(Y)\) (resp. \({\mathcal F}_c(Y)\)) denote the set of all non-empty closed (resp. closed convex) sets in \(Y\). For set-valued maps \(\varphi,\psi:X\to 2^Y\) and \(F\subseteq Y\), a map \(f:X\to Y\) is called a selection for \(\varphi\) avoiding \(F\) (resp. \(\psi\)) if \(f(x)\in\varphi(x)\smallsetminus F\) (resp. \(f(x)\in\varphi(x)\smallsetminus\psi(x)\)) for each \(x\in X\). A sequence \(\psi_n:X\to 2^Y\), \(n\in \mathbb{N}\), is called a \(Z\)-sequence for a given map \(\varphi:X\to 2^Y\) if for each \(x\in X\) and each \(n\in \mathbb{N}\), \(\varphi(x)\cap\psi_n(x)\) is a \(Z_{n-1}\)-set in \(\varphi(x)\), i.e., \(C(I^{n-1},\varphi(x)\smallsetminus\psi_n(x))\) is dense in \(C(I^{n-1},\varphi(x))\), where \(C(R,S)\) denotes the space of all continuous maps from \(R\) to \(S\) with the compact-open topology. The second characterization is: For a paracompact space \(X\) the following are equivalent: (a) \(X\) is a finite \(C\)-space; (b) For every Banach space \(Y\), every lower semicontinuous map \(\varphi:X\to{\mathcal F}_c(Y)\) and every decreasing \(Z\)-sequence \(\{\psi_n\}\) for \(\varphi\) consisting of closed-graph maps \(\psi_n:X\to{\mathcal F}(Y)\), there exist \(m\) and a continuous selection for \(\varphi\) avoiding the map \(\psi_m\); (c) For every Banach space \(Y\), every lower semicontinuous map \(\varphi:X\to{\mathcal F}_c(Y)\) and every decreasing \(Z\)-sequence for \(\varphi\) consisting of closed sets \(F_n\subseteq Y\), there exist \(m\) and a continuous selection for \(\varphi\) avoiding the set \(F_m\). Some of the applications are: (i) A space \(X\) is a finite \(C\)-space if and only if for every sequence of Banach spaces \(Y_n\) and closed nowhere dense subsets \(A_n\subseteq Y_n\), every uniformly bounded sequence of maps \(f_n:X\to Y_n\) is finitely removable from the set \(A=\prod_{n\in \mathbb{N}} A_n\); (ii) If \(f\) is a closed continuous map from a normal space \(X\) onto a paracompact finite \(C\)-space \(Y\) such that \(\dim f^{-1}(y)\leq k\) for each \(y\in Y\), then \(X\) is a finite \(C\)-space; (iii) Every continuous map \(f\) from a finite \(C\)-space \(X\) onto a metrizable space \(Y\) admits a factorization \((Z,h,g)\) such that \(Z\) is a metrizable finite \(C\)-space; (iv) Every metrizable finite \(C\)-space has a completion which is also a finite \(C\)-space. The author reformulates the original definitions of \(C\)-spaces and finite \(C\)-spaces by using functionally open sets instead of open sets. This enables the author to apply those definitions to arbitrary Tikhonov spaces. For example, it is shown that V. Chatyrko's theorem asserting that a normal space \(X\) is a finite \(C\)-space if and only if so is \(\beta X\) holds for arbitrary Tikhonov spaces.