Free and nearly free surfaces in \(\mathbb{P}^3\) (Q1621934)

The authors prove two main theorems. The Milnor algebra of a surface \(V(f)\subseteq \mathbb{P}^3\) for \(f\in S=\mathbb{C}[x_0,x_1,x_2,x_3]\) which is a homogeneous polynomial, is defined by \(M(f)=\bigoplus_kM(f)_k=S/J_f\) where \(J_f=\mathrm{ideal}\big(f_i=\partial_{x_i}f:0\leq i\leq 3\big)\). The Hilbert function \(H(M(f)):\mathbb{N}\longrightarrow \mathbb{N}\) of the graded \(S\)-module \(M(f)\) is defined by \(H(M(f))(k)=\dim(M(f)_k)\). For a free surface, \(V(f)\subseteq \mathbb{P}^3\) and for a nearly free surface, also denoted by, \(V(f)\subseteq \mathbb{P}^3\), in two separate theorems they have expressed the coefficients of the Hilbert polynomial \(P(M(f))\) associated to the Milnor algebra \(S/J_f\) which here becomes a linear polynomial in terms of their exponents. This gives some definite information about the singular locus \(\Sigma_f\) of such surfaces \(V(f)\). The computation of the Hilbert polynomial of the Milnor algebra for a general hypersurface in \(\mathbb{P}^3\) is not straight forward. The authors also mention that the coefficients of the Hilbert Polynomial can be calculated in two examples where it is a linear polynomial. The first example is, for transversal intersections of two smooth surfaces \(D,D'\subseteq \mathbb{P}^3\) giving a smooth complete intersection curve \(C=D\cap D'\) as a singular locus of the surface \(D\cup D'\). The coefficients are calculated in terms of their degrees \(e,e'\) respectively. The second example, is for cones \(V\subseteq \mathbb{P}^3\) over hypersurfaces \(W\subseteq \mathbb{P}^2\) with isolated singularities. The coefficients are found in terms of stability threshold \(st(W)\) and total Tjurina number \(\tau(W)\). They also compute the same in a third scenario, for the variant of the cone construction given by the surface \(V: f(x_0,x_1,x_2,x_3)=x_0g(x_1,x_2,x_3)=0 \subseteq \mathbb{P}^3\) for the surface \(W:g(x_1,x_2,x_3)=0\subseteq \mathbb{P}^2\) having isolated singularities. Here the coefficients of the Hilbert polynomial are given in terms of \(st(W),\tau(W)\) and degree \(g\). An analogue of Saito criterion is proved for nearly free surfaces which expresses the (unique) second order syzygy in terms of determinants constructed using the first order syzygies. As examples, are given the infinite families of surfaces \(D_d:f_d=x^{d-1}z+y^d+x^{d-2}yw+x^4y^{d-4}=0,d\geq 4\), \(D_d':f_d=x^{d-1}z+y^d+x^{d-2}yw+x^{d-5}y^5=0,d\geq 6\), \(D_d'': f_d=x^{d-1}z+y^d+x^{d-2}yw=0, d\geq 4\) which have been classified as free and nearly free surfaces and also their exponents have been given.