A non-crossing word cooperad for free homotopy probability theory (Q1627447)

The purpose of this paper is to provide a convenient operadic framework for the cumulants of free probability theory. As a matter of fact, the author constructs a cooperad which extends the framework of homotopy probability theory to free probability theory. The main construction of this paper is a cooperad, called the non-crossing word cooperad, satisfying certain properties. The non-crossing species \(N\) assigns to the set \(S\) the \(\mathbb{K}\)-vector space spanned by pangrammatic reduced non-crossing words on \(S\). Similarly, the crossing species \(X\) assigns to \(S\) the span of pangrammatic reduced crossing words on \(S\). A non-commutative probability space is a unital associative \(\mathbb{K}\)-algebra \(V\) equipped with a unit-preserving linear map \(E\) from \(V\) to \(\mathbb{K}\). Moreover, a unital associative homotopy probability space is a unital graded associative \(\mathbb{K}\)-algebra equipped with a differential which kills the unit and a unit-preserving chain map to the ground field. Let \(C\) be a strongly coaugmented spacies. A \(C\)-correlation algebra is a chain complex \(V\) equipped with a degree zero linear map (not necessarily a chain map) \(\varphi_V:C\circ V \to V\) such that, for \(\vert S \vert = 1\), we have that \[ V \cong C_S \circ V \to C \circ V \xrightarrow{ \varphi_V } V \] is the identity. For a \(C\)-correlation algebra \(\mathbb{A}\), an \(\mathbb{A}\)-valued homotopy \(C\)-probability space is a \(C\)-correlation algebra \((V, \varphi_V)\) equipped with (i) a map \(\eta\) of chain complexes \(\mathbb{A} \to V\), called the unit, such that \[ \varphi_V \circ C_{\eta} = \eta \circ \varphi_{\mathbb{A}}, \] and (ii) a map \(E\) of chain complexes from \(V\) to \(\mathbb{A}\), called the expectation, such that \[ E \circ \eta = \text{id}_{\mathbb{A}}. \] When a non-commutative probability space \((V, E)\) is given, then the free cumulants of \(V\) are the unique functions \(\{ k_N \}\) whose multiplicative extension satisfies the defining equation \[ E( a_1 \cdots a_N ) = \sum_f \, k_f \, ( a_1 \otimes \cdots \otimes a_N ) \] as \(f\) ranges over non-crossing partitions, cf. [\textit{A. Nica} and \textit{R. Speicher}, Lectures on the combinatorics of free probability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2006; Zbl 1133.60003)]. Finally, the author relates non-commutative probability spaces to \(N\)-correlation algebras and homotopy \(N\)-probability spaces, and shows that the \(\mathcal{N}\)-cumulant morphism of a \(\mathbb{K}\)-valued homotopy \(N\)-probability space recovers the free cumulants defined above. Here is the main theorem of this paper. Theorem. Let \((V, E)\) be a non-commutative probability space, viewed as above as a \(\mathbb{K}\)-valued homotopy \(N\)-probability space. Then the \(\mathcal{N}\)-cumulant morphism \(K\) recovers the free cumulants of the probability space. For other related works, see, e.g., [\textit{G. C. Drummond-Cole} et al., J. Homotopy Relat. Struct. 10, No. 3, 425--435 (2015; Zbl 1401.55015); ibid. 10, No. 3, 623--635 (2015; Zbl 1346.55018)] for homotopy probability theory. For the entire collection see [Zbl 1394.00023].